Current Status of Pyrethroids Resistance in Aedes aegypti (Culicidae: Diptera) in Lahore District, Pakistan: A Novel Mechanistic Insight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Nawaz ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Tahir ◽  
Muhammad Asif Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Summer ◽  
Shaukat Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

Abstract Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) is a major vector responsible for dengue transmission. Insecticides are being used as the most effective tool to control vector populations in Lahore, Pakistan. Control of Ae. aegypti is threatened by the development of resistance against insecticides. The current status of insecticide resistance was evaluated against pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) in different populations of Lahore (Model Town, Mishri Shah, Sadar Cantt, Walton, and Valencia). The susceptibility of the larval and adult populations was tested following the standard WHO guidelines. Moderate to high levels of resistance were found against pyrethroids in the larval (RR50: 3.6–27.2 and RR90: 5–90) and adult populations (percentage mortality < 98%). Biochemical assays revealed a statistically significant increase in the enzyme level in all field populations compared to the laboratory strain. The value of esterase was one-fold higher, monooxygenase was 3.9- to 4.7-fold higher, and glutathione S-transferases was 1.9- to 2.6-fold higher in field populations compared to the laboratory strain. These results depict the presence of resistance against deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin in field populations of Lahore mediated by metabolic enzymes i.e. esterases, monooxygenases, and glutathione S-transferase.

scholarly journals Reversal of Resistance to the Larvicide Temephos in an Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Laboratory Strain From Cuba

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-806
Author(s):  
Juan A Bisset ◽  
María M Rodríguez ◽  
Luis A Piedra ◽  
Modesto Cruz ◽  
Gladys Gutiérrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Resistance Reversal

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to know whether the organophosphate temephos resistance developed in larvae from a laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) from Cuba could be reversed. The resistant laboratory strain of Ae. aegypti, named SAN-F6, was left without temephos selection pressure for 12 generations. The level of temephos resistance was determined using WHO bioassays and mechanisms of metabolic resistance were determined based on enzyme activity levels detected by biochemical assays. Bioassays and biochemical assays were conducted on the SAN-F6 parental strain and every three reversal generations (SANRevF3, SANRevF6, SANRevF9, and SANRevF12) without temephos selection pressure. After 19 yr of keeping the SAN-F6 strain under selection pressure with the LC90 of temephos, the resistance ratio (RR50) was 47.5×. Biochemical assays indicated that esterase and glutathione S-transferase are still responsible for temephos resistance in this strain, but not mixed-function oxidase. Experiments on resistance reversal showed that temephos susceptibility could be recovered as α esterase activity levels decreased. The SAN-F6 strain has provided an essential basis for studies of temephos resistance in Cuba. It was demonstrated that the resistance developed to the larvicide temephos in Ae. aegypti from this Cuban lab strain is a reversible phenomenon, which suggests that similar outcomes might be expected in field populations. As such, the use of temephos alternated with other larvicides recommended by WHO such as Bti or pyriproxyfen is recommended to maintain the effectiveness of temephos and to achieve more effective control of Ae. aegypti.

scholarly journals The Midgut Microbiota of Colombian Aedes aegypti Populations with Different Levels of Resistance to the Insecticide Lambda-cyhalothrin

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Arévalo-Cortés ◽  
Ana M. Mejia-Jaramillo ◽  
Yurany Granada ◽  
Heather Coatsworth ◽  
Carl Lowenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Resistant Phenotype ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Insect Symbionts ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
Different Levels

Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations is a problem that hinders vector control and dengue prevention programs. In this study, we determined the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti populations from six Colombian regions to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and evaluated the presence of the V1016I mutation in the sodium channel gene, which has been broadly involved in the resistance to this insecticide. The diversity of the gut microbiota of these mosquito populations was also analyzed. Only mosquitoes from Bello were susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin and presented a lower allelic frequency of the V1016I mutation. Remarkably, there was not an important change in allelic frequencies among populations with different resistance ratios, indicating that other factors or mechanisms contributed to the resistant phenotype. Treatment of mosquitoes with antibiotics led us to hypothesize that the intestinal microbiota could contribute to the resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. Beta diversity analysis showed significant differences in the species of bacteria present between susceptible and resistant populations. We identified 14 OTUs of bacteria that were unique in resistant mosquitoes. We propose that kdr mutations are important in the development of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin at low insecticide concentrations but insect symbionts could play an essential role in the metabolization of pyrethroid insecticides at higher concentrations, contributing to the resistant phenotype in Ae. aegypti.

scholarly journals Target Activity of Isaria tenuipes (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Fungal Strains against Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Its Non-Target Activity Against Aquatic Predators

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Sengodan Karthi ◽  
Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan ◽  
Raja Ganesan ◽  
Venkatachalam Ramasamy ◽  
Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Maximum Dosage ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Toxicological Research ◽  
Lethal Dosage ◽  
Larval Toxicity ◽  
Target Activity

The present investigation aimed to determine the fungal toxicity of Isaria tenuipes (My-It) against the dengue mosquito vector Aedes aegypti L. and its non-target impact against the aquatic predator Toxorhynchitessplendens. Lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of My-It were observed in 2.27 and 2.93 log ppm dosages, respectively. The sub-lethal dosage (My-It-1 × 104 conidia/mL) displayed a significant oviposition deterrence index and also blocked the fecundity rate of dengue mosquitos in a dose-dependent manner. The level of major detoxifying enzymes, such as carboxylesterase (α-and β-) and SOD, significantly declined in both third and fourth instar larvae at the maximum dosage of My-It 1 × 105 conidia/mL. However, the level of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) declined steadily when the sub-lethal dosage was increased and attained maximum reduction in the enzyme level at the dosage of My-It (1 × 105 conidia/mL). Correspondingly, the gut-histology and photomicrography results made evident that My-It (1 × 105 conidia/mL) heavily damaged the internal gut cells and external physiology of the dengue larvae compared to the control. Moreover, the non-target toxicity against the beneficial predator revealed that My-It at the maximum dosage (1 × 1020 conidia/mL) was found to be less toxic with <45% larval toxicity against Tx.splendens. Thus, the present toxicological research on Isaria tenuipes showed that it is target-specific and a potential agent for managing medically threatening arthropods.

Focal Adhesion Kinase in Ovarian Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Platinum and Taxane-Resistant Tumors

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkene Levy ◽  
Khalid Alhazzani ◽  
Priya Dondapati ◽  
Ali Alaseem ◽  
Khadijah Cheema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Focal Adhesion Kinase ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Resistant Disease ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
And Function ◽  
Mdr 1

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which is an essential player in regulating cell migration, invasion, adhesion, proliferation, and survival. Its overexpression and activation have been identified in sixty-eight percent of epithelial ovarian cancer patients and this is significantly associated with higher tumor stage, metastasis, and shorter overall survival of these patients. Most recently, a new role has emerged for FAK in promoting resistance to taxane and platinum-based therapy in ovarian and other cancers. The development of resistance is a complex network of molecular processes that make the identification of a targetable biomarker in platinum and taxane-resistant ovarian cancer a major challenge. FAK overexpression upregulates ALDH and XIAP activity in platinum-resistant and increases CD44, YB1, and MDR-1 activity in taxaneresistant tumors. FAK is therefore now emerging as a prognostically significant candidate in this regard, with mounting evidence from recent successes in preclinical and clinical trials using small molecule FAK inhibitors. This review will summarize the significance and function of FAK in ovarian cancer, and its emerging role in chemotherapeutic resistance. We will discuss the current status of FAK inhibitors in ovarian cancers, their therapeutic competencies and limitations, and further propose that the combination of FAK inhibitors with platinum and taxane-based therapies could be an efficacious approach in chemotherapeutic resistant disease.

Analysis of glutathione S-transferase genes polymorphisms and the risk of schizophrenia in a sample of Iranian population

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Lotfi Kashani ◽  
Dor Mohammad Kordi-Tamandani ◽  
Roya Sahranavard ◽  
Mohammad Hashemi ◽  
Farzaneh Kordi-Tamandani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Control Study

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are major intracellular antioxidants, which, impaired in their function, are involved in the progress of schizophrenia (SCZ). The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association between the polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1), T1 (GSTT1), the glutathione S-transferase P1 gene (GSTP1) and SCZ. We isolated genomic DNA from peripheral blood of 93 individuals with SCZ and 99 healthy control subjects' genotypes analyzing them for GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 using polymerase chain reaction. The analysis of the gene–gene interaction between GSTs indicated that the magnitude of the association was greater for the combined AG/GSTT1 & GSTM1 genotypes (OR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.13–5.63, P = 0.02). The AG and combined AG + GG genotypes of GSTP1 increased the risk of SCZ (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 0.94–3.75 and OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.92–3.19, respectively). The genotypes of GSTT/NULL, NULL/GSTM and NULL/NULL increased the risk of SCZ (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 0.9–4.74; OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.68–2.31; and OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.57–2.46, respectively). The present study supports previous data that suggest that impairment in the function of GSTs genes may increase the risk of SCZ.

Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases of Oesophagostomum dentatum

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (10) ◽  
pp. 1215-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JOACHIM ◽  
B. RUTTKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Cdna Sequences ◽  
Oesophagostomum Dentatum ◽  
Cytosolic Glutathione ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

SUMMARYOesophagostomum dentatum stages were investigated for glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression at the protein and mRNA levels. GST activity was detected in all stages (infectious and parasitic stages including third- and fourth-stage larvae of different ages as well as males and females) and could be dose-dependently inhibited with sulfobromophthalein (SBP). Addition of SBP to in vitro larval cultures reversibly inhibited development from third- to fourth-stage larvae. Two glutathione-affinity purified proteins (23 and 25 kDa) were detected in lysates of exsheathed third-stage larvae by SDS-PAGE. PCR-primers were designed based on peptide sequences and conserved GST sequences of other nematodes for complete cDNA sequences (621 and 624 nt) of 2 isoforms, Od-GST1 and Od-GST2, with 72% nucleotide similarity and 75% for the deduced proteins. Genomic sequences consisted of 7 exons and 6 introns spanning 1296 bp for Od-GST1 and 1579 and 1606 bp for Od-GST2. Quantitative real-time-PCR revealed considerably elevated levels of Od-GST1 in the early parasitic stages and slightly reduced levels of Od-GST2 in male worms. Both Od-GSTs were most similar to GST of Ancylostoma caninum (nucleotides: 73 and 70%; amino acids: 80 and 73%). The first three exons (75 amino acids) corresponded to a synthetic prostaglandin D2 synthase (53% similarity). O. dentatum GSTs might be involved in intrinsic metabolic pathways which could play a role both in nematode physiology and in host-parasite interactions.

scholarly journals Susceptibility Status of Aedes aegypti L. Against Different Classes of Insecticides in New Delhi, India to Formulate Mosquito Control Strategy in Fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roopa Rani Samal ◽  
Sarita Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Current Status ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
Control Programs

Background: Mosquito control is a major concern throughout the world because of rising cases of mosquito-borne diseases. The outbreak of Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya has caused grave situations raising urgent need to control Aedes aegypti. Moreover, extensive use of synthetic insecticides in mosquito control programs has resulted in high levels of insecticide resistance leading to the use of magnified concentrations, impacting human health and environment adversely. The knowledge about current status of the insecticide susceptibility against Ae. aegypti could help to devise mosquito control strategy. Objective: Present study evaluates the larvicidal potential of thirteen insecticides belonging to seven different classes; organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, avermectins and secondary metabolites; against early fourth instars of Ae. aegypti. Materials and Methods: The insecticide susceptibility was evaluated as per WHO protocol. Fatality counts were made after 24h of exposure; and the LC50, LC90 and other statistical parameters were computed by probit-regression analysis. Results: The data reveals the maximum efficacy of pyrethroids and fenitrothion, with lethal values less than 0.001 ppm. Avermectins, organochlorines and carbamates were moderately toxic, while neonicotinoid posed appreciable toxicity. In contrast, berberine, a secondary plant metabolite was found inefficient. The larvicidal efficacy of tested insecticides against Ae. aegypti was found in the decreasing order of pyrethroids > organophosphates > avermectins > organochlorines > carbamates > neonicotinoids > secondary metabolites. Conclusion: Present investigations explore various toxicants as Dengue vector control agents in order to devise a suitable control strategy for mosquito control in fields.

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