scholarly journals In Utero Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Von Kohorn ◽  
Sydney R Stein ◽  
Beatrix T Shikani ◽  
Marcos J Ramos-Benitez ◽  
Kevin M Vannella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Hematogenous Spread ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Evidence for in utero transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is growing but not definitive. We present a case of neonatal infection that supports in utero transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and provides insight into the hematogenous spread from mother to fetus.

scholarly journals Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and seizure: An insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Zareh-Shahamati ◽  
Mahyar Noorbakhsh ◽  
Hadi Digaleh ◽  
Behnam Safarpour-Lima ◽  
Behnam Safarpour-Lima
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Hematogenous Spread ◽  
Metabolic Derangement ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Structural Brain ◽  
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Based on previous studies, seizure has been reported to accompany coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Underlying mechanisms are those leading to the direct central nervous system (CNS) invasion through hematogenous spread or trans-synaptic retrograde invasion, causing meningoencephalitis. On the other hand, there are pathophysiologic mechanisms that seizure would be one of their early consequences, such as cytokine storm, hypoxemia, metabolic derangement, and structural brain lesions. Herein, we focused on available evidence to provide an insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms that link seizure and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, as a better understanding of pathophysiology would lead to better diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and Three Related Coronaviruses Utilize Multiple ACE2 Orthologs and Are Potently Blocked by an Improved ACE2-Ig

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujun Li ◽  
Haimin Wang ◽  
Xiaojuan Tang ◽  
Shisong Fang ◽  
Danting Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Support Cell ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused >20 million infections and >750,000 deaths. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, has been found closely related to the bat coronavirus strain RaTG13 (Bat-CoV RaTG13) and a recently identified pangolin coronavirus (Pangolin-CoV-2020). Here, we first investigated the ability of SARS-CoV-2 and three related coronaviruses to utilize animal orthologs of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for cell entry. We found that ACE2 orthologs of a wide range of domestic and wild mammals, including camels, cattle, horses, goats, sheep, cats, rabbits, and pangolins, were able to support cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that these species might be able to harbor and spread this virus. In addition, the pangolin and bat coronaviruses, Pangolin-CoV-2020 and Bat-CoV RaTG13, were also found able to utilize human ACE2 and a number of animal-ACE2 orthologs for cell entry, indicating risks of spillover of these viruses into humans in the future. We then developed potently anticoronavirus ACE2-Ig proteins that are broadly effective against the four distinct coronaviruses. In particular, through truncating ACE2 at its residue 740 but not 615, introducing a D30E mutation, and adopting an antibody-like tetrameric-ACE2 configuration, we generated an ACE2-Ig variant that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 at picomolar range. These data demonstrate that the improved ACE2-Ig variants developed in this study could potentially be developed to protect from SARS-CoV-2 and some other SARS-like viruses that might spillover into humans in the future. IMPORTANCE The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of the currently uncontrolled coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is important to study the host range of SARS-CoV-2, because some domestic species might harbor the virus and transmit it back to humans. In addition, insight into the ability of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-like viruses to utilize animal orthologs of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 might provide structural insight into improving ACE2-based viral entry inhibitors. In this study, we found that ACE2 orthologs of a wide range of domestic and wild animals can support cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 and three related coronaviruses, providing insights into identifying animal hosts of these viruses. We also developed recombinant ACE2-Ig proteins that are able to potently block these viral infections, providing a promising approach to developing antiviral proteins broadly effective against these distinct coronaviruses.

scholarly journals Nail Manifestations in COVID-19: Insight into a Systemic Viral Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ana Preda-Naumescu ◽  
Kayla Penney ◽  
Ross L. Pearlman ◽  
Robert T. Brodell ◽  
Carlton Ralph Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Electronic Search ◽  
Nail Changes ◽  
Insight Into

Nail manifestations are 1 of the several extrapulmonary findings associated with COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nail changes, however, have been largely ignored and not yet summarized. This article is intended to increase awareness of nail manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, which occur weeks to months after acute infection and the periungual pernio-like changes may occur concomitantly with infection. An electronic search was carried out in PubMed (Medline), Science Direct, and Scopus databases. The following keywords and all of their possible combinations were used to identify studies: “SARS-CoV-2,” “COVID-19,” “Coronavirus,” “2019-ncov,” “nail,” and “nails.” Six case reports were included in this study. Manifestations identified included red half-moon sign, transverse orange nail lesions, Mees’ lines, and Beau’s lines. Though largely nonspecific, these findings can be recognized with the onset of symptom onset or as late as 16 weeks following the disease. Some of these findings are shared with other conditions associated with a proinflammatory state. Nail changes offer unique insight into the pathophysiologic basis for SARS-CoV-2 and they may serve as diagnostic clues.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and immunity: quo vadis?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Miyasaka
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Understanding the precise nature and durability of protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential in order to gain insight into the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to develop novel treatment strategies to this disease. Here, I succinctly summarize what is currently known and unknown about the immune response during COVID-19 and discuss whether natural infections can lead to herd immunity.

Umbilical Cord Blood Gas in Newborns with Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease: Insight into In-Utero and Delivery Hemodynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1575-1583
Author(s):  
April D. Adams ◽  
Nimisha Aggarwal ◽  
Sara N. Iqbal ◽  
Lauren Tague ◽  
Kami Skurow-Todd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Insight Into

Infections in pregnancy

2010 ◽  
pp. 2165-2172
Author(s):  
Lawrence Impey
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Maternal Illness ◽  
Group B ◽  
Transplacental Infection ◽  
In Pregnancy

Maternal illness is often more severe in pregnancy, e.g. varicella, malaria, and the treatment of infections in pregnancy is complicated by potential effects of drugs on the fetus. Peri- and postpartum maternal infection is a major cause of maternal mortality. The effects of infection in pregnancy can be broadly categorized as follows (these are not mutually exclusive): (1) transplacental infection causing fetal malformation, e.g. treponema pallidum, rubella; (2) transplacental infection causing severe in utero illness, e.g. parvovirus; (3) neonatal infection / carrier status as a result of transplacental or intrapartum infection, e.g. HIV, herpes zoster; such neonatal infection may be severe; (4) preterm delivery, late miscarriage, perinatal death and cerebral palsy at term delivery are more common in the presence of in utero and placental infection (chorioamnionitis), e.g. Group B streptococcus....

Fetal effects of maternal infection

2020 ◽  
pp. 2678-2686
Author(s):  
Lawrence Impey
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Group B ◽  
Transplacental Infection ◽  
In Pregnancy

This chapter looks at the fetal effects of maternal infection. Immunity is mildly suppressed in pregnancy, and the fetal immune system is developmentally immature. Infections in pregnancy can therefore be devastating both for the mother, as is occasionally seen with varicella, and for the fetus, as exemplified by congenital infections such as those caused by rubella, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis. The fetal effects of maternal infection in pregnancy can be broadly categorized as follows (these are not mutually exclusive): transplacental infection causing fetal malformation (e.g. treponema pallidum, rubella); transplacental infection causing severe in utero illness (e.g. parvovirus); neonatal infection/carrier status as a result of transplacental or intrapartum infection (e.g. HIV, herpes zoster); such neonatal infection may be severe; preterm delivery, late miscarriage, perinatal death, and cerebral palsy at term delivery are more common in the presence of in utero and placental infection (chorioamnionitis) (e.g. group B streptococcus).

scholarly journals Role of Nanomedicine in Management and Prevention of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitendra N. Wankar ◽  
Vivek K. Chaturvedi ◽  
Chandrashekhar Bohara ◽  
Mohan P. Singh ◽  
Raghvendra A. Bohara
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
The World ◽  
Insight Into

COVID-19, or the Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic. At the time of writing this (July 28, 2020), more than 17 million people have become affected and 0.7 million people have died across the world. Remdesivir has shown glimpses of insight into how to fight the virus, but as of yet remain far from victory. Nanotechnology has proven its role in medicine to deliver the drug at the target site with minimal side effects, particularly in the anticancer domain. Most specifically, a range of nanotechnology-based products, such as nanosilver, are currently on the market because they have demonstrated the potential to combat viruses. This article provides an overview of the role of nanomedicine, including polymeric and inorganic materials, and its future capabilities in the management of the disease outbreak. Taking all this into account, an attempt has been made to educate readers in the simplest way of the role of nanomedicine, which can play a pivotal role in the management of diseases.

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