scholarly journals Reserve lipids and plant autophagy

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2854-2861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Masclaux-Daubresse ◽  
Sabine d’Andrea ◽  
Isabelle Bouchez ◽  
Jean-Luc Cacas
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Universal Mechanism

Abstract Autophagy is a universal mechanism that facilitates the degradation of unwanted cytoplasmic components in eukaryotic cells. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the investigation of the role of autophagy in lipid homeostasis in plants by comparison with algae, yeast, and animals. We consider the storage compartments that form the sources of lipids in plants, and the roles that autophagy plays in the synthesis of triacylglycerols and in the formation and maintenance of lipid droplets. We also consider the relationship between lipids and the biogenesis of autophagosomes, and the role of autophagy in the degradation of lipids in plants.

scholarly journals Direct lysosome-based autophagy of lipid droplets in hepatocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (51) ◽  
pp. 32443-32452
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Schulze ◽  
Eugene W. Krueger ◽  
Shaun G. Weller ◽  
Katherine M. Johnson ◽  
Carol A. Casey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Double Membrane ◽  
Live Cell Microscopy ◽  
Cell Microscopy

Hepatocytes metabolize energy-rich cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) in the lysosome-directed process of autophagy. An organelle-selective form of this process (macrolipophagy) results in the engulfment of LDs within double-membrane delimited structures (autophagosomes) before lysosomal fusion. Whether this is an exclusive autophagic mechanism used by hepatocytes to catabolize LDs is unclear. It is also unknown whether lysosomes alone might be sufficient to mediate LD turnover in the absence of an autophagosomal intermediate. We performed live-cell microscopy of hepatocytes to monitor the dynamic interactions between lysosomes and LDs in real-time. We additionally used a fluorescent variant of the LD-specific protein (PLIN2) that exhibits altered fluorescence in response to LD interactions with the lysosome. We find that mammalian lysosomes and LDs undergo interactions during which proteins and lipids can be transferred from LDs directly into lysosomes. Electron microscopy (EM) of primary hepatocytes or hepatocyte-derived cell lines supports the existence of these interactions. It reveals a dramatic process whereby the lipid contents of the LD can be “extruded” directly into the lysosomal lumen under nutrient-limited conditions. Significantly, these interactions are not affected by perturbations to crucial components of the canonical macroautophagy machinery and can occur in the absence of double-membrane lipoautophagosomes. These findings implicate the existence of an autophagic mechanism used by mammalian cells for the direct transfer of LD components into the lysosome for breakdown. This process further emphasizes the critical role of lysosomes in hepatic LD catabolism and provides insights into the mechanisms underlying lipid homeostasis in the liver.

Transforming Former State Enterprises in the Czech Republic

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Clark ◽  
Anna Soulsby
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Organizational Transformation ◽  
Organizational Analysis ◽  
Institutional Pressures ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Organizational Continuity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
State Enterprises ◽  
The Relationship

The study of organizational transformation has emerged from the foundations established by contingency theory and research. While institutional approaches to organizational analysis have preferred to focus on the tendency towards organizational continuity and inertia, recent developments have begun to con sider institutional pressures leading to change, and to provide clues about how contingency and institutional theories might complement each other in improv ing our understanding of organizational change. The evidence presented in this paper, drawn from a study of organizational transformation in the Czech Republic, allows exploration of the relationship between transforming state enterprises and the wider processes of social, economic and institutional change. The values, motives and actions of the key enterprise managers are shown to be essential factors in explaining both the process of transformation in state enterprises, and the role of institutional factors in that process.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 192-202
Author(s):  
Anna Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
The Political ◽  
Agricultural Commodity ◽  
World Hunger ◽  
Double Movement ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Relationship

The conclusion begins with a discussion of the significance of some recent developments in the trajectory of agricultural commodity prices. The author then draws together the key arguments developed throughout the book, and offers some final reflections on the relationship between law and the political economy of hunger. The reflections are organized around the intellectual debts schema set out in the Introduction. Using the lenses of entitlement, commodification, Institutionalist insights, and Karl Polanyi’s motif of ‘double movement’, the author concludes with a determination on whether existing legal solutions to the challenge of world hunger are likely to be effective when the role of law in constituting markets and in conditioning logics of accumulation is taken into account.

The Synoptic Problem: Where to from here?

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Christopher John Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
First Century ◽  
Synoptic Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The study of the Synoptic Problem continues with a wide range of hypotheses proposed to explain the relationship of Mark, Matthew and Luke to the early Jesus tradition, and to each other. This article reviews recent developments in synoptic studies highlighting the recognition of the ongoing role of the oral tradition, the ways in which scribal compositional practices in the first century have been used to test the major hypotheses, and the methodological constraints that accompany research in this area.

scholarly journals The yeast FIT2 homologs are necessary to maintain cellular proteostasis and membrane lipid homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (21) ◽  
pp. jcs248526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Sheng Yap ◽  
Peter Shyu ◽  
Maria Laura Gaspar ◽  
Stephen A. Jesch ◽  
Charlie Marvalim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Model System ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Protein Response

ABSTRACTLipid droplets (LDs) are implicated in conditions of lipid and protein dysregulation. The fat storage-inducing transmembrane (FIT; also known as FITM) family induces LD formation. Here, we establish a model system to study the role of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FIT homologues (ScFIT), SCS3 and YFT2, in the proteostasis and stress response pathways. While LD biogenesis and basal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) remain unaltered in ScFIT mutants, SCS3 was found to be essential for proper stress-induced UPR activation and for viability in the absence of the sole yeast UPR transducer IRE1. Owing to not having a functional UPR, cells with mutated SCS3 exhibited an accumulation of triacylglycerol within the ER along with aberrant LD morphology, suggesting that there is a UPR-dependent compensatory mechanism that acts to mitigate lack of SCS3. Additionally, SCS3 was necessary to maintain phospholipid homeostasis. Strikingly, global protein ubiquitylation and the turnover of both ER and cytoplasmic misfolded proteins is impaired in ScFITΔ cells, while a screen for interacting partners of Scs3 identifies components of the proteostatic machinery as putative targets. Together, our data support a model where ScFITs play an important role in lipid metabolism and proteostasis beyond their defined roles in LD biogenesis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

The variable standard of care, contributory negligence and volenti

Legal Studies ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Richard Kidner
Keyword(s):  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Contributory Negligence ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Common Feeling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Drunk Driver

One of the problems which arises in the tort of negligence is where the plaintiff is aware of certain characteristics of the defendant which indicate that the defendant is incapable of achieving the usual standard of care, and yet the plaintiff enters into or continues a relationship with that person. Entering a car driven by a drunk driver is a simple example. There seems to be a common feeling that such a plaintiff is ‘less deserving’ and that it is a necessary consequence of the fault system that he should bear at least part of the responsibility for his loss. Recent developments, particularly in Australia, have suggested different approaches to this problem which raise issues about the nature and role of the standard of care, as well as about the relationship between the standard of care and various defences to negligence.

Dono e appropriazione. Il difficile nesso tra welfare e nuove forme del volontariato

2012 ◽  
pp. 87-109
Author(s):  
Matteo Villa
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategies ◽  
Welfare System ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Institutional System ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Relationship

The role of voluntarism has become ever more important in the Italian and European discussions on the crisis and transformation of welfare administration. Unfortunately in many cases it is taken for granted in its forms, meanings, roles and procedures. The risk is that the institutional system may choose to face a crisis by following development strategies on the basis of its own needs and preformed visions. This could lead to greatly distorted effects that force some realities to adapt in contradictory ways and drive others that do not follow such paradigms towards extinction. The essay shows pivotal aspects and possible perspectives of the relationship between the variety of voluntarism forms and the welfare system, focusing on assumptions and points of view that will help comprehend some of the recent developments and diverse experiences.

Recent development of drugs for osteoporosis and anti-cancer agents: a patent analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Hai-Long Zhang ◽  
Yiqian Li
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Antineoplastic Agents ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

Osteoporosis and cancer are becoming a major public health problem. Some studies have shown that osteoporosis drugs may have anti-cancer effects. To better understand the relationship between drugs for osteoporosis and antineoplastic agents, and to better demonstrate recent developments for patents concerning drugs for osteoporosis, we conducted an analysis of US patents. The results indicated that there was a good correlation between agents for osteoporosis and antineoplastic agents, which indicated that numerous anti-osteoporosis agents displayed antineoplastic activities. Our study was the first one to provide new evidence, through comprehensive analysis, for a correlation between anti-osteoporosis agents and anticancer agents. The present study may open new avenues for developing anticancer drugs and expanding the application role of anti-osteoporosis agents.

scholarly journals Autophagosomes contribute to intracellular lipid distribution in enterocytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salem Ait Khaldoun ◽  
Marc-Alexandre Emond-Boisjoly ◽  
Danielle Chateau ◽  
Véronique Carrière ◽  
Michel Lacasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Coat Proteins ◽  
Cellular Lipid ◽  
Intracellular Lipid ◽  
Lipid Trafficking ◽  
Complex Lipid ◽  
Lipid Micelles ◽  
Er Membrane

Enterocytes, the intestinal absorptive cells, have to deal with massive alimentary lipids upon food consumption. They orchestrate complex lipid-trafficking events that lead to the secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and/or the intracellular transient storage of lipids as lipid droplets (LDs). LDs originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and are mainly composed of a triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol-ester core surrounded by a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer and specific coat proteins. The pivotal role of LDs in cellular lipid homeostasis is clearly established, but processes regulating LD dynamics in enterocytes are poorly understood. Here we show that delivery of alimentary lipid micelles to polarized human enterocytes induces an immediate autophagic response, accompanied by phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate appearance at the ER membrane. We observe a specific and rapid capture of newly synthesized LD at the ER membrane by nascent autophagosomal structures. By combining pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that autophagy is a key player in TG targeting to lysosomes. Our results highlight the yet-unraveled role of autophagy in the regulation of TG distribution, trafficking, and turnover in human enterocytes.

Recent developments within French policy studies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques de Maillard ◽  
Andy Smith
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross Fertilization

Since the early 1990s, three issues have progressively become sustained objects of debates within French policy analysis: the causal role of ideas within public action; the relationship between institutions and actors; and how studying public policies reveals both the state and politics. Indeed, this progression mirrors the way specialists based in France have engaged in international debates over the last three decades. If, in the 1990s, this field of study was essentially autonomous from extra-national developments, by contrast the following decade was marked by wholesale importation of approaches initiated elsewhere. Since the end of the 2000s, however, greater cross-fertilization between endogenous and exogenous perspectives has emerged, alongside a greater willingness to participate assertively and cumulatively in international scientific fora.

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