Identification and characterization of novel QTL conferring internal detoxification of aluminum in soybean

Abstract Aluminum (Al) toxicity inhibits soybean root growth, leading to insufficient water and nutrient uptake. In this research, two soybean lines (Magellan and PI 567731) were identified differing in Al tolerance as determined by primary root length ratio (PRL_Ratio), total root length ratio (TRL_Ratio), and root tip number ratio (RTN_Ratio) under Al stress compared to unstressed controlled conditions. Serious root necrosis was observed in PI 567731, but not in Magellan under Al stress. An F8 recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Magellan and PI 567731 was used to map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Al-tolerance. Three QTL on chromosomes 3, 13, and 20, with tolerant-alleles from Magellan, were identified. qAl_Gm13 and qAl_Gm20, explained large phenotypic variations (13-27%) and played roles in maintaining root elongation. qAl_Gm03 was involved in maintaining root initiation under Al stress. These results suggested the importance of using the parameters of root elongation and root initiation in Al tolerance studies. In addition, qAl_Gm13 and qAl_Gm20 were confirmed in near-isogenic backgrounds and were identified to epistatically regulate Al tolerance in internal detoxification instead of Al 3+ exclusion. The candidate genes for qAl_Gm13 and qAl_Gm20 were suggested by analyzing a previous RNA-seq study. Phylogenetic and pedigree analysis identified the tolerant alleles of both loci derived from the US ancestor line, A.K.[FC30761], originally from China. Our results provide novel genetic resources for breeding Al-tolerant soybeans and suggest that the internal detoxification contributes to soybean tolerance to excessive soil Al.

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Effects of root zone temperature on root initiation and elongation in red pine seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x86-125 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 696-700 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Chris P. Andersen ◽

Edward I. Sucoff ◽

Robert K. Dixon

Keyword(s):

Root Elongation ◽

Root Zone ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Red Pine ◽

Root Tip ◽

Root Initiation ◽

Root Zone Temperature ◽

Pine Seedlings ◽

Zone Temperature

The influence of root zone temperature on root initiation, root elongation, and soluble sugars in roots and shoots was investigated in a glasshouse using 2-0 red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) seedlings lifted from a northern Minnesota nursery. Seedlings were potted in a sandy loam soil and grown in chambers where root systems were maintained at 8, 12, 16, or 20 °C for 27 days; seedling shoots were exposed to ambient glasshouse conditions. Total new root length was positively correlated with soil temperature 14, 20, and 27 days after planting, with significantly more new root growth at 20 °C than at other temperatures. The greatest number of new roots occurred at 16 °C; the least, at 8 °C. Total soluble sugar concentrations in stem tissue decreased slightly as root temperature increased. Sugar concentrations in roots were similar at all temperatures. The results suggest that root elongation is suppressed more than root tip formation when red pine seedlings are exposed to the cool soil temperatures typically found during spring and fall outplanting.

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Malate-dependent Fe accumulation is a critical checkpoint in the root developmental response to low phosphate

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1701952114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (17) ◽

pp. E3563-E3572 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Javier Mora-Macías ◽

Jonathan Odilón Ojeda-Rivera ◽

Dolores Gutiérrez-Alanís ◽

Lenin Yong-Villalobos ◽

Araceli Oropeza-Aburto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Root ◽

Root System Architecture ◽

Root Apical Meristem ◽

Root Tip ◽

Al Tolerance ◽

Short Root ◽

Meristematic Cells ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Root Response ◽

Primary Root Growth

Low phosphate (Pi) availability constrains plant development and seed production in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. When Pi is scarce, modifications of root system architecture (RSA) enhance the soil exploration ability of the plant and lead to an increase in Pi uptake. In Arabidopsis, an iron-dependent mechanism reprograms primary root growth in response to low Pi availability. This program is activated upon contact of the root tip with low-Pi media and induces premature cell differentiation and the arrest of mitotic activity in the root apical meristem, resulting in a short-root phenotype. However, the mechanisms that regulate the primary root response to Pi-limiting conditions remain largely unknown. Here we report on the isolation and characterization of two low-Pi insensitive mutants (lpi5 and lpi6), which have a long-root phenotype when grown in low-Pi media. Cellular, genomic, and transcriptomic analysis of low-Pi insensitive mutants revealed that the genes previously shown to underlie Arabidopsis Al tolerance via root malate exudation, known as SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY (STOP1) and ALUMINUM ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER 1 (ALMT1), represent a critical checkpoint in the root developmental response to Pi starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results also show that exogenous malate can rescue the long-root phenotype of lpi5 and lpi6. Malate exudation is required for the accumulation of Fe in the apoplast of meristematic cells, triggering the differentiation of meristematic cells in response to Pi deprivation.

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Comparative tolerance of sugarcane, navybean, soybean and maize to aluminium toxicity

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9880171 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 171 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

SJ Hetherington ◽

CJ Asher ◽

FPC Blamey

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Aluminium Toxicity ◽

Solution Culture ◽

The Other ◽

Root Tip ◽

Al Tolerance ◽

Saccharum Spp ◽

Wide Range ◽

Length Data ◽

Length Reduction

The aluminium (Al) tolerance of three sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) cultivars was compared with one cultivar each of navybean (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybean (Glycine max), and maize (Zea mays) in a short-term solution culture experiment. The experiment was conducted under closely controlled conditions of pH (adjusted daily to 4.2 � 0.02) and root temperature (28�C) over a wide range of Al levels expressed as the sum of activities of monomeric A1 species (mean +aAL mono 0, 4, 14, 54, and 222 8M). The three sugarcane cultivars, Q77, Q113 and Q117, were found to be considerably more tolerant of Al in solution than were the other three species. At 14 8M +aAL mono toxicity symptoms on the sugarcane roots were slight, but were well developed on the roots of the other three species. At 220 8M +aAL mono the distance from the root tip to the first visible lateral was reduced by 9-30% in the sugarcane cultivars compared with 79% in maize and navybean, and 91% in soybean. Interpolation of curves fitted to root length data indicated critical (i.e. 10% total root length reduction) +aAL mono of 11-21 8M for the sugarcane cultivars compared with 2.0 8M, 1.8 8M, and 1.0 8M for soybean, maize, and navybean, respectively. Implications for the management of sugarcane tand are discussed briefly.

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Systemic signalling through translationally controlled tumour protein controls lateral root formation in Arabidopsis

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/erz204 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (15) ◽

pp. 3927-3940 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Rémi Branco ◽

Josette Masle

Keyword(s):

Lateral Root ◽

Root Elongation ◽

Developmental Plasticity ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Primary Root ◽

Dual Function ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Root Initiation ◽

Long Distance ◽

Lateral Root Initiation

Abstract The plant body plan and primary organs are established during embryogenesis. However, in contrast to animals, plants have the ability to generate new organs throughout their whole life. These give them an extraordinary developmental plasticity to modulate their size and architecture according to environmental constraints and opportunities. How this plasticity is regulated at the whole-organism level is elusive. Here we provide evidence for a role for translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) in regulating the iterative formation of lateral roots in Arabidopsis. AtTCTP1 modulates root system architecture through a dual function: as a general constitutive growth promoter enhancing root elongation and as a systemic signalling agent via mobility in the vasculature. AtTCTP1 encodes mRNAs with long-distance mobility between the shoot and roots. Mobile shoot-derived TCTP1 gene products act specifically to enhance the frequency of lateral root initiation and emergence sites along the primary root pericycle, while root elongation is controlled by local constitutive TCTP1 expression and scion size. These findings uncover a novel type for an integrative signal in the control of lateral root initiation and the compromise for roots between branching more profusely or elongating further. They also provide the first evidence in plants of an extracellular function of the vital, highly expressed ubiquitous TCTP1.

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Application of Phytohormones to Pea Roots After Removal of the Apex: Effect on Lateral Root Production

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9790195 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 195 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

PB Goodwin ◽

SC Morris

Keyword(s):

Lateral Root ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Primary Root ◽

Root Production ◽

Root Tip ◽

Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽

Root Initiation ◽

Lateral Root Initiation ◽

Lateral Bud ◽

Bud Growth

Removal of 2 mm of the primary root tip of Pisum sativum caused a complete halt to primary root elongation, but did not alter the total number of laterals formed. The auxins indole-3-acetic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, when applied to the stump in a lanolin emulsion, increased the number of lateral roots. High levels of abscisic acid and low levels of the cytokinins N6-benzylaminopurine and N6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino)purine, and of the gibberellins GA3 and GA7, resulted in decreased lateral root production. Kinetin was without effect. There appears to be an inverse relationship between auxins and cytokinins in root/shoot growth coordination. Auxins, which are produced in the shoot tip, inhibit lateral bud growth but promote lateral root initiation. Cytokinins, which are produced in the root tip, inhibit lateral root initiation, but promote lateral stem growth.

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Interactions between magnesium, calcium, and aluminum on soybean root elongation

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832005000500010 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 747-754 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ivo Ribeiro da Silva ◽

Armando Ferrufino ◽

Cláudio Sanzonowicz ◽

Thomas Jot Smyth ◽

Daniel W. Israel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Lateral Root ◽

Root Elongation ◽

Root Surface ◽

Al Tolerance ◽

Split Root System ◽

Tap Root ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Al Additions ◽

Lateral Root Length

Alleviation of Al rhizotoxicity by Ca and Mg can differ among species and genotypes. Root elongation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] line N93-S-179 and cvs. Young and Ransom exposed to varying concentrations of Al, Ca and Mg were compared in two experiments using a vertically split root system. Roots extending from a surface compartment with limed soil grew for 12 days into a subsurface compartment with nutrient solution treatments maintained at pH 4.6 with either 0 or 15 µmol L-1 Al. Calcium and Mg concentrations in treatments ranging from 0 to 20 mmol L-1. Although an adequate supply of Mg was provided in the surface soil compartment for soybean top growth, an inclusion of Mg was necessary in the subsurface solutions to promote root elongation in both the presence and absence of Al. In the absence of Al in the subsurface solution, tap root length increased by 74 % and lateral root length tripled when Mg in the solutions was increased from 0 to either 2 or 10 mmol L-1. In the presence of 15 µmol L-1 Al, additions of 2 or 10 mmol L-1 Mg increased tap root length fourfold and lateral root length by a factor of 65. This high efficacy of Mg may have masked differences in Al tolerance between genotypes N93 and Young. Magnesium was more effective than Ca in alleviating Al rhizotoxicity, and its ameliorative properties could not be accounted for by estimated electrostatic changes in root membrane potential and Al3+ activity at the root surface. The physiological mechanisms of Mg alleviation of Al injury in roots, however, are not known.

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Effects of Aluminium Toxicity on Root and Shoot Growth Of Rice and Chickpea Seedlings

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v50i4.57089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1195-1201

Author(s):

Rifat Samad ◽

Parveen Rashid ◽

JL Karmoker

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Primary Root ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Aluminium Toxicity ◽

Solution Culture ◽

Root And Shoot Length ◽

Root Length Ratio ◽

Primary Root Length

Increasing concentrations of aluminium progressively declined primary root length and number of lateral roots in rice and chickpea seedlings grown in rhizobox. It also inhibited the root and shoot length, dry weight of root and shoot of rice and chickpea seedlings grown in solution culture. On the other hand, it enhanced shoot/root length ratio and dry weight ratio for both the genera. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(4): 1195-1201, 2021 (December)

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Growth, gas exchange and competitive ability of Sorghum halepense populations under different soil water availability

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps10202 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 1011-1025 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eduardo Leguizamón ◽

Marcos Yanniccari ◽

Juan Guiamet ◽

Horacio Acciaresi

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Availability ◽

Root Length ◽

Competitive Ability ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Soil Water Availability ◽

Length Ratio ◽

Root Length Ratio

Leguizamón, E. S., Yanniccari, M. E., Guiamet, J. J. and Acciaresi, H. A. 2011. Growth, gas exchange and competitive ability of Sorghum halepense populations under different soil water availability. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1011–1025. Different studies have determined that environmental variation is a key factor determining the outcome of competition within plant communities. Considering the importance of the resource water in non-irrigated lands of Argentina, the aim was to determine the effects of water deficit on relative growth rate (RGR), root length ratio (RLR), gas exchange and competitive ability of Sorghum halepense populations collected in humid and subhumid regions of the Pampa plains. Under semi-controlled conditions, we compared plants of seven S. halepense populations subjected to three different levels of soil water availability during 3 wk: Field capacity (FC), 75% FC and drought (D). Moreover, total above-ground biomass of S. halepense and Zea mays plants growing together in competition was determined. It was found that those plants collected in humid or subhumid regions had greater RGR, gas exchange and RLR under FC and D, respectively. Zea mays achieved a higher competitive ability than S. halepense under FC, but plants collected in humid regions out-competed the crop when grown at 75% FC. Sorghum halepense plants collected in subhumid regions dominated under D. Root length ratio may have favored the maintenance of high levels of gas exchange and also high RGR, thus contributing to sustain a competitive hierarchy under soil water stress.

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