scholarly journals Constant theoretical conductance via changes in vessel diameter and number with height growth in Moringa oleifera

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Echeverría ◽  
Tommaso Anfodillo ◽  
Diana Soriano ◽  
Julieta A Rosell ◽  
Mark E Olson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Photosynthetic Productivity ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Whole Plant

Abstract As trees grow taller, hydraulic resistance can be expected to increase, causing photosynthetic productivity to decline. Yet leaves maintain productivity over vast height increases; this maintenance of productivity suggests that leaf-specific conductance remains constant as trees grow taller. Here we test the assumption of constant leaf-specific conductance with height growth and document the stem xylem anatomical adjustments involved. We measured the scaling of total leaf area, mean vessel diameter at terminal twigs and at the stem base, and total vessel number in 139 individuals of Moringa oleifera of different heights, and estimated a whole-plant conductance index from these measurements. Whole-plant conductance and total leaf area scaled at the same rate with height. Congruently, whole-plant conductance and total leaf area scaled isometrically. Constant conductance is made possible by intricate adjustments in anatomy, with conduit diameters in terminal twigs becoming wider, lowering per-vessel resistance, with a concomitant decrease in vessel number per unit leaf area with height growth. Selection maintaining constant conductance per unit leaf area with height growth (or at least minimizing drops in conductance) is likely a potent selective pressure shaping plant hydraulics, and crucially involved in the maintenance of photosynthetic productivity per leaf area across the terrestrial landscape.

scholarly journals A direct comparison of ecological theories for predicting the relationship between plant traits and growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellie Goud ◽  
Anurag Agrawal ◽  
Jed Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Economics Spectrum ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Whole Plant

Abstract Despite long-standing theory for classifying plant ecological strategies, limited data directly links organismal traits to whole-plant growth. We compared trait-growth relationships based on three prominent theories: growth analysis, Grime’s CSR triangle, and the leaf economics spectrum (LES). Under these schemes, growth is hypothesized to be predicted by traits related to biomass investments, leaf structure or gas exchange, respectively. In phylogenetic analyses of 30 diverse milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and 21 morphological and ecophysiological traits, growth rate varied 50-fold and was best predicted by growth analysis and CSR traits, as well as total leaf area and plant height. Despite two LES traits correlating with growth, they contradicted predictions and leaf traits did not scale with root and stem characteristics. Thus, although combining leaf traits and whole-plant allocation best predicts growth, when destructive measures are not feasible, we suggest total leaf area and plant height, or easy-to-measure traits associated with the CSR classification.

scholarly journals Lesser-known ethnic leafy vegetables Talinum paniculatum grown at tropical ecosystem: Morphological traits and non-destructive estimation of total leaf area per branch

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benyamin Lakitan ◽  
Kartika Kartika ◽  
Laily Ilman Widuri ◽  
Erna Siaga ◽  
Lya Nailatul Fadilah
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Tropical Ecosystem ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract. Lakitan B, Kartika K, Widuri LI, Siaga E, Fadilah LN. 2021. Lesser-known ethnic leafy vegetables Talinum paniculatum grown at tropical ecosystem: Morphological traits and non-destructive estimation of total leaf area per branch. Biodiversitas 22: 4487-4495. Talinum paniculatum known as Java ginseng is an ethnic vegetable in Indonesia that has also been utilized as a medical plant. Young leaves are the primary economic part of T. paniculatum, which can be eaten fresh or cooked. This study was focused on characterizing morphological traits of T. panicultaum and developing a non-destructive yet accurate and reliable model for predicting total area per leaf cluster on each elongated branch per flush growth cycle. The non-destructive approach allows frequent and timely measurements. In addition, the developed model can be used as guidance for deciding the time to harvest for optimum yield. Results indicated that T. paniculatum flourished rapidly under wet tropical conditions, especially if they were propagated using stem cuttings. The plants produced more than 50 branches and more than 800 leaves, or on average produced more than 15 leaves per branch at the age of nine weeks after planting (WAP). The zero-intercept linear model using a combination of two traits of length x width (LW) as a predictor was accurate and reliable for predicting a single leaf area (R2 = 0.997). Meanwhile, the estimation of total area per leaf cluster was more accurate if three traits, i.e., number of leaves, the longest leaf, and the widest leaf in each cluster were used as predictors with the zero-intercept linear regression model (R2 = 0.984). However, the use of a single trait of length (L) and width (W) of the largest leaf within each cluster as a predictor in the power regression model exhibited moderately accurate prediction at the R2 = 0.883 and 0.724, respectively.

scholarly journals Genetic variance of sunflower yield components - Heliantus annuus L.

Genetika ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Hladni ◽  
Dragan Skoric ◽  
Marija Kraljevic-Balalic
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Partial Dominance ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

The main goals of sunflower breeding in Yugoslavia and abroad are increased seed yield and oil content per unit area and increased resistance to diseases, insects and stress conditions via an optimization of plant architecture. In order to determine the mode of inheritance, gene effects and correlations of total leaf number per plant, total leaf area and plant height, six genetically divergent inbred lines of sunflower were subjected to half diallel crosses. Significant differences in mean values of all the traits were found in the F1 and F2 generations. Additive gene effects were more important in the inheritance of total leaf number per plant and plant height, while in the case of total leaf area per plant the nonadditive ones were more important looking at all the combinations in the F1 and F2 generations. The average degree of dominance (Hi/D)1/2 was lower than one for total leaf number per plant and plant height, so the mode of inheritance was partial dominance, while with total leaf area the value was higher than one, indicating super dominance as the mode of inheritance. Significant positive correlation was found: between total leaf area per plant and total leaf number per plant (0.285*) and plant height (0.278*). The results of the study are of importance for further sunflower breeding work.

scholarly journals Concentration and periods of application of prohexadione calcium in the growth of strawberry seedlings

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Farias Barreto ◽  
Leticia Vanni Ferreira ◽  
Savana Irribarem Costa ◽  
Andressa Vighi Schiavon ◽  
Tais Barbosa Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

For strawberry cultivation in Brazil, producers are dependent on imported seedlings. An alternative strategy to reduce this dependence is the use of seedlings obtained from nursery plants grown in a protected environment. However, as these seedlings are produced in the summer and planted at the end of this season or the spring of the following year, it is necessary to control growth to reduce the energy costs of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations and periods of application of proexadione calcium (ProCa) on growth control of strawberry seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with seedlings of the cultivars ‘Aromas’ and ‘Camarosa’, produced by rooting stolons and kept in polystyrene trays of 72 cells in a substrate of carbonized rice husk. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (4 concentrations of ProCa: 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L-1 × 2 periods of application: at 20 and 30 days after the planting period of rooting stolon). Plant survival, crown diameter, petiole length, total leaf area, specific leaf area, chlorophyll concentration, and dry mass of the crown and shoot were evaluated. The application of ProCa at 20 days after the planting period of the rooting stolon at the concentrations of 200 and 400 mg L-1 favored the reduction of petiole length in plants of ‘Aromas’ strawberry and total leaf aerial in ‘Camarosa’ strawberry. The application of ProCa from the concentration of 100 mg L-1 reduced the vegetative growth of ‘Aromas’ and ‘Camarosa’ strawberry seedlings cultivated in substrate.

scholarly journals Image-Based Dynamic Quantification of Aboveground Structure of Sugar Beet in Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunfu Xiao ◽  
Honghong Chai ◽  
Ke Shao ◽  
Mengyuan Shen ◽  
Qing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Convex Hull ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Canopy Area

Sugar beet is one of the main crops for sugar production in the world. With the increasing demand for sugar, more desirable sugar beet genotypes need to be cultivated through plant breeding programs. Precise plant phenotyping in the field still remains challenge. In this study, structure from motion (SFM) approach was used to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) model for sugar beets from 20 genotypes at three growth stages in the field. An automatic data processing pipeline was developed to process point clouds of sugar beet including preprocessing, coordinates correction, filtering and segmentation of point cloud of individual plant. Phenotypic traits were also automatically extracted regarding plant height, maximum canopy area, convex hull volume, total leaf area and individual leaf length. Total leaf area and convex hull volume were adopted to explore the relationship with biomass. The results showed that high correlations between measured and estimated values with R2 > 0.8. Statistical analyses between biomass and extracted traits proved that both convex hull volume and total leaf area can predict biomass well. The proposed pipeline can estimate sugar beet traits precisely in the field and provide a basis for sugar beet breeding.

Evaluation of vegetative growth traits and their relation to time to first flowering of olive seedlings

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Pritsa ◽  
D. G. Voyiatzis ◽  
C. J. Voyiatzi ◽  
M. S. Sotiriou
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Vegetative Traits ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Shape Characteristics

The aim of this work was to assess growth traits during the initial developmental stages of olive seedlings, which could be correlated to time to first flowering, facilitating fast selection in olive breeding programs. The experimental material consisted of 232 olive seedlings derived from controlled crosses of 'Kalamon' with self (KA × KA), with 'Amphissis' (KA × AM), and with 'Koroneiki' (KA × KO) and from open pollination of 'Kalamon', 'Amphissis', 'Koroneiki', 'Chalkidikis', and 'Manzanillo'. Vegetative traits of the seedlings, including canopy height and diameter, length of lateral vegetation, number of leaves, mean and total leaf area per plant, leaf shape characteristics, and specific leaf area (SLA), were recorded until 15 months after sowing. The first seedlings to initiate flowers, 4 years after sowing, were also recorded. The existence of correlations between the above growth traits and time to first flowering was investigated. In single-branched seedlings 6 months after sowing, height measured at this stage was significantly correlated with the mean and total leaf area per plant, specific leaf area, and other vegetative traits measured 15 months after sowing. Seedlings with high values of these parameters were the first to initiate flowers 33 months later. Our results indicated that pre-selection of olive seedlings for earliness of first flowering is possible, based on vegetative characteristics assessed very early in their development.

Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Gas Exchange in Coffea arabica During Adjustment to Different Soil Moisture Regimes

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Meinzer ◽  
NZ Saliendra ◽  
C Crisosto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Area Basis

Although carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been reported to decline in plants growing under reduced soil moisture, there is little information available concerning the dynamics of adjustments in Δ and gas exchange following a change in soil water availability. In this study Δ, photosynthetic gas exchange, and growth were monitored in container-grown coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants for 120 days under three soil moisture regimes. At the end of 120 d, total leaf area of plants irrigated twice weekly was one half that of plants irrigated twice daily, although their assimilation rates on a unit leaf area basis were nearly equal throughout the experiment. This suggested that maintenance of nearly constant photosynthetic characteristics on a unit leaf area basis through maintenance of a smaller total leaf area may constitute a major mode of adjustment to reduced soil moisture availability in coffee. Intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE) predicted from foliar Δ values was highest in plants irrigated weekly, intermediate in plants irrigated twice weekly and lowest in plants irrigated twice daily. When instantaneous WUE was estimated from independent measurements of total transpiration per plant and assimilation on a unit leaf area basis, the reverse ranking was obtained. The lack of correspondence between intrinsic and instantaneous WUE was attributed to adjustments in canopy morphology and leaf size in the plants grown under reduced water supply which enhanced transpiration relative to assimilation. Values of Δ predicted from the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressure determined during gas exchange measurements were not always consistent with measured foliar Δ. This may have resulted from a patchy distribution of stomatal apertures in plants irrigated weekly and from a lag period between adjustment in gas exchange and subsequent alteration in Δ of expanding leaves. The importance of considering temporal and spatial scales, and previous growth and environmental histories in comparing current single leaf gas exchange behaviour with foliar Δ values is discussed.

scholarly journals Estimation of total leaf area and D leaf area of pineapple from biometric characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlúcia Pereira dos Santos ◽  
Victor Martins Maia ◽  
Fernanda Soares Oliveira ◽  
Rodinei Facco Pegoraro ◽  
Silvânio Rodrigues dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Pearson Correlation Analysis ◽  
Biometric Measurements ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract The estimation of pineapple total leaf area by simple, fast and non-destructive methods allow inferences related to carbon fixation estimative, biotic and abiotic damages and correlating positively with yield. The objective was to estimate D leaf area and total leaf area and of ‘Pérola’ pineapple plants from biometric measurements. For this purpose, 125 slips were selected and standardized by weight for planting in pots. Nine months after planting in a greenhouse, the plants were harvested to evaluate the total leaf area of the plant, D leaf area and D leaf length and width using a portable leaf area meter. Pearson correlation analysis was made and it was observed significative positive and strong correlation among the studied variables. Then, regression models were adjusted. It was observed that the D leaf area of ‘Pérola’ pineapple can be estimated from the length and width of this same leaf and the total leaf area can be estimated from the D leaf area.

Sodium toxicity and cation imbalance in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali T. Ayoub ◽  
H. M. Ishag
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Sodium Toxicity ◽  
Relative Water

SummaryLeaf burn and gradual death were the characteristic symptoms of injury in P. vulgaris sown on a sodic soil. Plant growth, total leaf area per plant, number of stomata and epidermal cells per unit leaf area, and relative water content were drastically reduced in injured plants; these were associated with large sodium accumulation in the shoot resulting in cation imbalance.

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