The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Policy Networks ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
History Of

Virtually every important question of public policy today involves an international organization. From trade to intellectual property to health policy and beyond, governments interact with international organizations (IOs) in almost everything they do. Increasingly, individual citizens are directly affected by the work of IOs. This book gives an overview of the world of IOs today. It emphasizes both the practical aspects of their organization and operation, and the conceptual issues that arise at the junctures between nation-states and international authority, and between law and politics. While the focus is on inter-governmental organizations, the book also encompasses non-governmental organizations and public policy networks. The book first considers the main IOs and the kinds of problems they address. This includes chapters on the organizations that relate to trade, humanitarian aid, peace operations, and more, as well as chapters on the history of IOs. The book then looks at the constituent parts and internal functioning of IOs. The text also addresses the internal management of the organization, and includes chapters on the distribution of decision-making power within the organizations, the structure of their assemblies, the role of Secretaries-General and other heads, budgets and finance, and other elements of complex bureaucracies at the international level.

THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) AS INTERMEDIARIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION DECISION TO ADOPT INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: 1973–2002

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devrimi Kaya ◽  
Robert J. Kirsch ◽  
Klaus Henselmann
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
International Accounting Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

This paper analyzes the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as intermediaries in encouraging the European Union (EU) to adopt International Accounting Standards (IAS). Our analysis begins with the 1973 founding of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), and ends with 2002 when the binding EU regulation was approved. We document the many pathways of interaction between European supranational, governmental bodies and the IASC/IASB, as well as important regional NGOs, such as the Union Européenne des Experts Comptables, Économiques et Financiers (UEC), the Groupe d'Etudes des Experts Comptables de la Communauté Économique Européenne (Groupe d'Etudes), and their successor, the Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens (FEE). This study investigates, through personal interviews of key individuals involved in making the history of the organizations studied, and an extensive set of primary sources, how NGOs filled key roles in the process of harmonization of international accounting standards.

The Legitimacy of Direct Corporate Humanitarian Investment

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Dunfee ◽  
David Hess
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

Abstract:Private firms are uniquely positioned to provide significant relief to the misery that pervades the developing world. Global misery has persisted due to a variety of failures in the provision of relief by nation-states and non-governmental organizations, including corruption and the absence of strong background institutions in the countries in need of aid. In many situations, private firms have a comparative advantage over these entities in the provision of aid. Examples such as Merck and the cure for river blindness show how firms can use their specific competencies and knowledge to relieve misery through Direct Corporate Humanitarian Investment (DCHI). DCHI is legitimized by marketplace morality and is consistent with the role of business within society, including legal dimensions. Shareholders may formally approve a corporation’s DCHI strategy and all stakeholders may act in support of their moral desires with respect to the firm and its DCHI strategy.

scholarly journals An Introduction: International Law as Instrument

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ingber ◽  
Neha Jain ◽  
Rahim Moloo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Humanitarian Crises ◽  
International Legal System ◽  
Fact Finding

Discussions of international law often focus on questions of constraint and prohibition. This year's Annual Meeting considered the role of international law as an instrument. Actors on the international stage use a variety of tools to address their concerns, from climate change to economic development; from humanitarian crises to cross-border disputes; from commercial regulation to global trade. Governments and international organizations employ diplomacy and coercion, corporations use negotiation and persuasion, and non-governmental organizations engage in fact-finding and advocacy. And all of these actors affect and are affected by international law and use the international legal system to effectuate change and solve problems.

scholarly journals Role of Youth Diplomacy in Governments' Foreign Relationships by Using YNGOs Capacity (Youth Non-governmental Organizations)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Rohollah Modaber
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International System ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
New Situation

In current world, regarding the daily event occur in human communications domain, the process of international problems causes blurring the role of governments and this new situation leads to evolution in common traditional diplomacy of past centuries. Parallel with the communities' evolution, it is evident, new scenarios engender in diplomacy and international relations arena which seek the modern preferences along methods adoption and modern means like using non-governmental players capacity especially NGOs. Regarding the youth role-playing in various countries specially developed onesas a thinking, work and providing ideas forces in institutions, scientific and administrative centers and the YNGOsdevelopment process in the global system along various programs including welfare and philanthropic measures beyond the countries' boundary; and creating active youth global network and developing this network in most youth communities along influence in philanthropic and universal programs in international arena which causes the influence on the minds of different masses of people and even governments and international organizations; new discourse with the title of youth diplomacy as modern diplomacy is created. Therefore, the present study aimed toinvestigate what is the role of youth diplomacy in developing philanthropic discourse and promoting welfare measures in international system by using NGOs. It seems, meanwhile, moving in the way of developing mutual understanding among youth in other countries, who has motivation and concerns to encounter the spread of war, ethnic conflicts, migration, the spread of AIDS, environmental degradation and other similar cases; will be the reason of the creation of the effective youth global network in countries along governments and YNGOs-orientated by unofficial meanshave the approach of achieving a better future in order to achieve the peace and pressure on the governments have the role in promoting violence and extremism.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Local and International Organizations and Community Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Manal Farouk Sayed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Services ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Relationship

Although there are numerous definitions and theories of the concept of development, many developing countries continue to suffer from problems associated with lack of development and environmental degradation. It seems that states in developing countries are not effectively facing the increasing requirements for development. In response, institutions and organizations of civil society stepped-up to promote the realization of social development and self-reliance among the citizens. In consequence, the past twenty years witnessed the birth of many national and international non-governmental organizations which started to deliver social services to the population. However, and with reference to Egypt, conflicting opinions questioning the relationship between these organizations and the development of civil society have started to emerge. This paper attempts to investigate first the role of these societies in the development of civil society and review the controversy over this role. The attempt will also touch upon and evaluate several studies which relate to the role of these organizations in the development of civil society in Egypt.  

scholarly journals PERANAN ORGANISASI BUKAN KERAJAAN (NGO) DALAM KONFLIK KEMANUSIAAN DI PALESTIN

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Noor Atika Shafinaz Binti Nazri
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

Humanitarian aid has become one of the human rights agenda in international world. In this case, there are various international organizations including non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved. For Malaysia, the NGO is well regarded as one of the NGOs most active in providing humanitarian aid to Palestine. The organization has been using the platform of non-governmental organizations in providing humanitarian assistance to the Palestinian people. This study focuses Viva Palestina Malaysia, which is one of Malaysia NGOs active in Palestine. It will review the activities of the police and Viva Palestina Malaysia contribution towards the Palestinians. The study will indicate the role of non-governmental organizations in the fight for the truth, raise awareness of issues, provide assistance and conduct humanitarian activities in Palestine Bantuan kemanusiaan telah menjadi salah satu agenda hak asasi manusia dalam dunia antarabangsa. Terdapat pelbagai organisasi antarabangsa termasuk Organisasi Bukan Kerajaan (NGO) yang terlibat dalam hal ini. Bagi Malaysia, NGO itu dengan baik dianggap sebagai antara kumpulan organisasi bukan kerajaan yang paling aktif dalam menyediakan bantuan kemanusiaan ke Palestin. Organisasi ini telah menggunakan platform bukan kerajaan dalam menyalurkan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada rakyat Palestin. Kajian ini memfokuskan Viva Palestina Malaysia yang merupakan salah satu NGO dari Malaysia bergiat aktif di Palestin. Ia akan mengkaji aktiviti, polisi dan sumbangan Viva Palestina Malaysia terhadap Palestin. Kajian akan menunjukkan peranan organisasi bukan kerajaan dalam memperjuangkan kebenaran, meningkatkan isu kesedaran, menyediakan bantuan dan menjalankan aktiviti kemanusiaan di Palestin

The Politics of Maps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Leuenberger ◽  
Izhak Schnell
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Land Claims ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Territorial Claim ◽  
The Many

This book traces how the geographical sciences have become entwined with politics, territorial claim-making, and nation-building in Israel/Palestine. In particular, the focus is on the history of geographical sciences before and after the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, and how surveying, mapping, and naming the new territory became a crucial part of its making. With the 1993 Oslo Interim Agreement, Palestinians also surveyed and mapped the territory allocated to a future State of Palestine, with the expectation that they would, within five years, gain full sovereignty. In both cases, maps served to evoke a sense of national identity, facilitated a state’s ability to govern, and helped delineate territory. Besides maps’ geopolitical functions for nation-state building, they also became weapons in map wars. Before and after the 1967 war between Israel and its Arab neighbors, maps of the region became one of the many battlefields in which political conflicts over land claims and the ethno-national identity of this contested land were being waged. Aided by an increasingly user-defined mapping environment, Israeli and Palestinian governmental and non-governmental organizations increasingly relied on the rhetoric of maps to put forth their geopolitical visions. Such struggles over land and its rightful owners in Israel/Palestine exemplify processes under way in other states across the globe, whether in South Africa or Ukraine, which are engaged in disputes over territorial boundaries, national identities, and the territorial integrity of nation-states. Maps, no less, have become crucial tools in these struggles.

scholarly journals Re-establishing legitimacy after stigmatization: Greenpeace in the North American North

Polar Record ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danita Catherine Burke
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Moral Legitimacy ◽  
Northern Canada ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The North ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
History Of

Abstract International environmental non-governmental organizations (IENGOs) have a long and checkered history of involvement and impact in, and on, the North. Using the example of Greenpeace, arguably one of the most stigmatized IENGOs in the North American North, this paper explores the questions: why are IENGOs stigmatized in the North American North and how might they overcome their stigma with local audiences? It outlines the role of moral legitimacy in stigmatization and overcoming stigma, and the challenges of (re)establishing moral legitimacy with a stigmatizing audience, in this case, Inuit in Northern Canada and Greenland.

scholarly journals Empowering Democracy Through Internetization

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Constantine E. Passaris
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Civics Education ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Governance Architecture

This policy brief explores the challenges and opportunities congruent with the advent of internetization on the democratic landscape. Internetization is a new word that I have coined to describe our contemporary empowerment through global outreach and electronic connectivity.  There is no denying that the 21st century has precipitated profound structural change and empowered democracy through digital capacity and electronic connectivity. This paper analyzes the impact of internetization on e-democracy, social media, civics education, non-governmental organizations and global outreach. It also addresses the consequences of internetization on cybersecurity threats, election tampering and the contemporary challenges associated with electronic voting. This policy brief concludes with a set of recommendations embracing a new governance architecture, adapting the machinery of governance to electronic capacity and a strategic list of public policy initiatives directed to enhance the role of internetization on the democratic landscape.

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