Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques

Author(s):  
Brian A. Sharpless

Psychodynamic therapy is one of the most popular orientations practiced in the world today. The past few decades of research have also provided evidence for its clinical efficacy. However, gaining competence in this approach generally requires years of training and mastery of a large and complex literature. This easily accessible text focuses specifically on the techniques needed for contemporary psychodynamic practice. Written for the intermediate-beginner, it first teaches readers how to think and respond to patients in a consistent psychodynamic manner. Other early chapters focus on the characteristics of “good” interventions and ways to assess their clinical impacts. Next, the book provides straightforward guidance on how to question, clarify, confront, and interpret patient material. These “classic” techniques are then supplemented with six sets of supportive interventions helpful for lower-functioning patients or those in acute crisis. Finally, the procedures required to effectively resolve alliance ruptures are described along with suggestions for using these events to enact clinical gains. In addition to clear, step-by-step instructions on how to prepare techniques (e.g., interpretations), the author provides numerous clinical vignettes. Further, a supplemental appendix conveniently gathers the psychodynamic therapy models and treatment manuals that have been used in empirical studies. These may be helpful for researchers and other readers interested in pursuing more advanced training. Grounded in both sophisticated clinical theory and up-to-date research findings, this book effectively demystifies psychodynamic therapy techniques and helps practitioners more effectively apply them to a wide range of patients and problems.

Author(s):  
Piotr TWOREK ◽  
◽  
Józef MYRCZEK ◽  

Purpose: The publication is empirical in its character. The key purpose of the paper is to outline and discuss the results of the empirical research into risk in construction activities carried out by the surveyed contractors in Poland. The paper focuses, in particular, on the use of methods, techniques and tools by construction enterprises from Śląskie and Małopolskie voivodships to respond to the risks they encounter. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical research was conducted in form of a questionnaire interview. The research tools were developed based on in-depth studies of the scholarly literature (theory-cognitive dimension of the research). The paper also uses the methods of synthesis and deduction. In their discussions the authors draw on their own knowledge and experience which they have acquired over many years spent on researching risks faced by a wide range of organisations. Findings: The presented research findings provide the empirical verification of the theoretical background derived from the literature in the field. Research limitations/implications: The paper presents only the selected results of the empirical studies. These research findings concern specific categories of construction risk, which is regarded as a scientific and research category. Practical implications: The paper presents practical knowledge (utilitarian dimension of science) which has been verified empirically in the conducted research. This knowledge is referred to in the scholarly literature as Construction Risk Management (CRM). Originality/value: The empirical studies present an up-to-date status of the knowledge and awareness as demonstrated by the construction contractors participating in the survey. The research findings are presented for the purpose specified in the paper.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (163) ◽  
pp. 20190721
Author(s):  
J. Larsson ◽  
A. M. Westram ◽  
S. Bengmark ◽  
T. Lundh ◽  
R. K. Butlin

The growth of snail shells can be described by simple mathematical rules. Variation in a few parameters can explain much of the diversity of shell shapes seen in nature. However, empirical studies of gastropod shell shape variation typically use geometric morphometric approaches, which do not capture this growth pattern. We have developed a way to infer a set of developmentally descriptive shape parameters based on three-dimensional logarithmic helicospiral growth and using landmarks from two-dimensional shell images as input. We demonstrate the utility of this approach, and compare it to the geometric morphometric approach, using a large set of Littorina saxatilis shells in which locally adapted populations differ in shape. Our method can be modified easily to make it applicable to a wide range of shell forms, which would allow for investigations of the similarities and differences between and within many different species of gastropods.


Author(s):  
David K Evans ◽  
Amina Mendez Acosta

Abstract Countries across Africa continue to face major challenges in education. In this review, we examine 145 recent empirical studies (from 2014 onward) on how to increase access to and improve the quality of education across the continent, specifically examining how these studies update previous research findings. We find that 64% of the studies evaluate government-implemented programs, 36% include detailed cost analysis and 35% evaluate multiple treatment arms. We identify several areas where new studies provide rigorous evidence on topics that do not figure prominently in earlier evidence syntheses. New evidence shows promising impacts of structured pedagogy interventions (which typically provide a variety of inputs, such as lesson plans and training for teachers together with new materials for students) and of mother tongue instruction interventions, as well as from a range of teacher programs, including both remunerative (pay-for-performance of various designs) and non-remunerative (coaching and certain types of training) programs. School feeding delivers gains in both access and learning. New studies also show long-term positive impacts of eliminating school fees for primary school and positive impacts of eliminating fees in secondary school. Education technology interventions have decidedly mixed impacts, as do school grant programs and programs providing individual learning inputs (e.g., uniforms or textbooks).


Author(s):  
Florentine U. Salmony ◽  
Dominik K. Kanbach

AbstractThe personality traits that define entrepreneurs have been of significant interest to academic research for several decades. However, previous studies have used vastly different definitions of the term “entrepreneur”, meaning their subjects have ranged from rural farmers to tech-industry start-up founders. Consequently, most research has investigated disparate sub-types of entrepreneurs, which may not allow for inferences to be made regarding the general entrepreneurial population. Despite this, studies have frequently extrapolated results from narrow sub-types to entrepreneurs in general. This variation in entrepreneur samples reduces the comparability of empirical studies and calls into question the reviews that pool results without systematic differentiation between sub-types. The present study offers a novel account by differentiating between the definitions of “entrepreneur” used in studies on entrepreneurs’ personality traits. We conduct a systematic literature review across 95 studies from 1985 to 2020. We uncover three main themes across the previous studies. First, previous research applied a wide range of definitions of the term “entrepreneur”. Second, we identify several inconsistent findings across studies, which may at least partially be due to the use of heterogeneous entrepreneur samples. Third, the few studies that distinguished between various types of entrepreneurs revealed differences between them. Our systematic differentiation between entrepreneur sub-types and our research integration offer a novel perspective that has, to date, been widely neglected in academic research. Future research should use clearly defined entrepreneurial samples and conduct more systematic investigations into the differences between entrepreneur sub-types.


1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (S1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durk Wiersma ◽  
Fokko J. Nienhuis ◽  
Cees J. Slooff ◽  
Robert Giel ◽  
Aant De Jong

Severe and long term mental disorders, like schizophrenia, show in general a wide range of psychiatric signs and symptoms, psychological and physiological impairments and social disablement (Shepherd, 1994; Wing, 1982) reflecting a variety of mental health needs. Many studies provide only a cross-sectional view of the clinical and social problems of the patient population, for example at intake or admission to a mental hospital. Longitudinal studies following patients after discharge for some period of months or years show in general the expected improvement of functioning (e.g. Nienhuis et al., 1994), but as far as only chronic patients are concerned such a positive change is much less noted. The concept of chronicity of mental disorders would presume that after some time needs are fairly predictable and stable and do not change much over time. Our investigation on the long-term course of schizophrenia (Wiersma et al., 1996; 1997) enables us to study over a period of two years, from 15 to 17 years since first onset of psychosis, the stability or variability of needs in schizophrenic disorder. We are not aware of empirical studies on changes in needs among patients with long-term disorders.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamkant B. Badgujar ◽  
Vainav V. Patel ◽  
Atmaram H. Bandivdekar

Foeniculum vulgareMill commonly called fennel has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and respiratory systems. Additionally, it is also used as a galactagogue agent for lactating mothers. The review aims to gather the fragmented information available in the literature regarding morphology, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology ofFoeniculum vulgare. It also compiles available scientific evidence for the ethnobotanical claims and to identify gaps required to be filled by future research. Findings based on their traditional uses and scientific evaluation indicates thatFoeniculum vulgareremains to be the most widely used herbal plant. It has been used for more than forty types of disorders. Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, such as volatile compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and amino acids. Compiled data indicate their efficacy in severalin vitroandin vivopharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antinociceptive, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antithrombotic, apoptotic, cardiovascular, chemomodulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and memory enhancing property.Foeniculum vulgarehas emerged as a good source of traditional medicine and it provides a noteworthy basis in pharmaceutical biology for the development/formulation of new drugs and future clinical uses.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egor Bunov

The monograph contains a theoretical analysis of the social effectiveness of the internal affairs bodies as the degree of satisfaction of the population with the quality of law enforcement activities to protect their interests, rights and freedoms. The results of a multidimensional analysis of empirical studies of the influence of macro - and microsocial factors on the effectiveness of interaction between the population and law enforcement agencies are presented. The article substantiates the criteria for social assessment of the activities of the internal affairs bodies, the use of which allows for practical adjustment of the forms and methods of the management system. For a wide range of readers interested in the practice of applying legal measures of law enforcement.


Author(s):  
Оксана І. Дмитрієва

The article seeks to explore the state of government regulation of transport infrastructure and to reveal its specifics in ensuring this sector efficiency in the context of economic globalization. The study suggests that the framework of legislative and strategic documents in the area of transport industry and its infrastructure development regulation should be considered at the international, national and the regional levels. The paper also provides insights to the key challenges hindering the innovative development of the transport infrastructure in Ukraine. The research findings have revealed the major gaps in the system of government regulation of the Ukrainian transport infrastructure which refer to: the absence of a single public regulatory authority in the transport sector which is empowered to perform regulatory, monitoring and the control functions; fundamental imbalances in transport infrastructure development (as to different transport categories); the lack of tax incentives for investors in infrastructure facilities; the lack of a balancing mechanism to regulate the number of operators in various transport market sectors through licensing procedures; the absence of an effective mechanism for designing appropriate pricing (tariff) policies in the transport sector focusing on the need to prevent monopolization while promoting competition in adjacent markets etc. It is argued that a strategy to eliminate the above shortcomings in government regulation practices in the area of transport infrastructure should be built through searching a balance between deregulation (decentralization) and excessive centralization in the specified sector. With the purpose of consolidating and structuring the information to ensure the efficiency of transport infrastructure development based on government intervention, the study has identified the following components of a basic government regulation toolkit which involves a wide range of organizational, regulatory, social, economic, innovative, market-based, informational and analytical instruments.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bria Long ◽  
Patrick Wong ◽  
Michael C. Frank ◽  
Eva Lai ◽  
Peggy Chan ◽  
...  

Play is a universal behavior that is thought to be a critical way for children to learn a wide range of motor, social, and language skills. Empirical studies of play have borne out some of the predictions of classical theories, showing that children preferentially engage with surprising stimuli, will play in order to learn, and generally show a similar progression of increasingly-complex play behaviors through infancy. Past research has also characterized the types of support and guidance that parents offer during guided play with their child, as distinguished from individual free play. However, most of these studies come from Western nations, and relatively few cross-cultural comparisons have been made, despite observations of wide variability in cultural play traditions. The goal of this study is to examine the variability and consistency of play behaviors in a large sample of 1–2-year-old children—a critical period in the development of play behaviors—in two cultural contexts: the United States and Hong Kong. Our investigation covers both individual and guided play, with measures related to joint attention, stereotypical play behaviors, language use, and types of support offered by caregivers during guided play. This rich, annotated corpus of video and audio data also provides an important resource for research on early play.


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