Impact on Counter-Interrogation and Yield

ORBIT ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Neil D. Shortland ◽  
Frances Surmon-Böhr ◽  
Laurence J. Alison ◽  
Emily K. Alison ◽  
Paul Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Saddam Hussein ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Deliberate Strategy ◽  
Orbit Model ◽  
Initial Research

This chapter outlines the initial research conducted into the efficacy of the ORBIT model on detainees’ use of counter-interrogation tactics and the amount of evidentially useful information gained from detainees. Counter-interrogation tactics have been defined as a deliberate strategy adopted by a suspect to resist cooperating and may be consciously self-generated or learned from instructions or in training. This chapter outlines the research showing the use of counter-interrogation tactics with individuals from different terrorist groups and the effects of rapport-based strategies in reducing them. The chapter uses a real-world example of an interrogation with Saddam Hussein.

Over-Design Versus Redesign As a Response to Future Requirements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Allen ◽  
Phillip D. Stevenson ◽  
Christopher A. Mattson ◽  
Nile W. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Real World ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Development Cost ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Product Development Strategy ◽  
Initial Research

Though little research has been done in the field of over-design as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers and customers. This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher net present value than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low.

Formal Approaches to the Study of Terrorism

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Jacob N. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
The Real ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Observable Actions ◽  
Empirical Record

A large game-theoretic literature has developed to study terrorism. This literature has made significant contributions to the understanding of terrorism by providing a useful guide to parsing the empirical record, by helping to illuminate how seemingly puzzling behavior by terrorist organizations can be understood as the outcome of strategic interactions, and by providing some guidance to policy. Specifically, the formal literature helps provide plausible logically coherent explanations for seemingly anomalous patterns in the real world including: (1) there is more terrorism when the economy is bad, but terrorists themselves tend not to be poor; (2) terrorist groups often keep lots of paperwork, but sometimes they operate with little formal organization; (3) many states appear to tolerate low levels of terrorism they could stamp out and counterterrorism spending seems to over-emphasize publicly observable actions; (4) opposition groups often choose terrorism despite the fact that it seldom succeeds; and (5) bargaining with terrorists rarely succeeds in ending conflict. This brief piece focuses on explaining how the formal literature provides useful guidance for understanding these patterns.

A Creative Approach to Assessment

2019 ◽  
pp. 228-249
Author(s):  
Callie B. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Spiritual Assessment ◽  
Life Circumstances ◽  
Initial Research ◽  
Assessment Activities

This chapter explores the suitability of an arts-based approach to the spiritual assessment of adolescents. Spirituality is a notoriously difficult concept to define, much less to measure. However, many practitioners in both religious and secular settings are increasingly concerned about promoting spiritual development among the youth that they serve. Some quantitative assessment tools already exist to measure youth spirituality; however, these may be of limited practical use within real-world contexts. Complete instructions and rubrics for two assessment activities are provided, followed by sample responses and a discussion about how to use the results and extend the activities for maximum impact. Initial research suggests that these and similar activities show great promise as qualitative instruments, which can elicit deeper understandings of adolescents' experiences of transcendence and ability to make meaning out of life circumstances.

ORBIT

ORBIT ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Laurence J. Alison ◽  
Emily K. Alison ◽  
Frances Surmon-Böhr ◽  
Neil D. Shortland
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Behavior Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Building Rapport ◽  
Orbit Model

This chapter provides a detailed overview of the Observing Rapport Based Interpersonal Techniques (ORBIT) model of interviewing and its principles. It discusses how ORBIT is unique in that it evolved out of analysis of the largest sample of real-world interrogations in the world. The authors explain how they gained access to the data and their approach to analysis and coding. The chapter then describes the ORBIT approach to building rapport and describes ORBIT’s interpersonal behavior model. It also outlines the other variables that make up the ORBIT coding framework, including their measure of detainee engagement and yield. It uses a real-world example of an interrogation with Colonel Russel Williams to show how the ORBIT model works in practice.

scholarly journals People Adjust Recency Adaptively to Environment Structure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahi Luthra ◽  
Peter M. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Real World ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Deliberate Strategy ◽  
Adaptive Decision Making ◽  
Decision Tasks ◽  
External Environments

Recency effects—giving exaggerated importance to recent outcomes—are a common aspect of decision tasks. In the current study, we explore two explanations of recency-based decision making, that it is (1) a deliberate strategy for adaptive decision making in real-world environments which tend to be dynamic and autocorrelated, and/or (2) a product of processing limitations of working memory. Supporting explanation 1, we found that participants strategically adjusted their recency levels across trials to achieve optimal levels in a range of tasks. Furthermore, they started with default recency values that had high aggregate performance across environments. However, only some correlations between recency values and WM scores were significant, providing no clear conclusion regarding explanation 2. Ultimately, we propose that recency involves a combination of the two—people can strategically change recency within the limits of WM capacities to adapt to external environments.

Replications can cause distorted belief in scientific progress

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The Public ◽  
Psychological Science

AbstractIf we want psychological science to have a meaningful real-world impact, it has to be trusted by the public. Scientific progress is noisy; accordingly, replications sometimes fail even for true findings. We need to communicate the acceptability of uncertainty to the public and our peers, to prevent psychology from being perceived as having nothing to say about reality.

Current Issues: Evidence-Based Practice for the Real World: Thoughts on Clinical Education in Communication Disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne K. Bothe
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Education ◽  
Real World ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
University Faculty ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Real ◽  
Language Pathology

This article presents some streamlined and intentionally oversimplified ideas about educating future communication disorders professionals to use some of the most basic principles of evidence-based practice. Working from a popular five-step approach, modifications are suggested that may make the ideas more accessible, and therefore more useful, for university faculty, other supervisors, and future professionals in speech-language pathology, audiology, and related fields.

Qualitative Case Study Research Design

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Tetnowski
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Real World ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Study Research

Qualitative case study research can be a valuable tool for answering complex, real-world questions. This method is often misunderstood or neglected due to a lack of understanding by researchers and reviewers. This tutorial defines the characteristics of qualitative case study research and its application to a broader understanding of stuttering that cannot be defined through other methodologies. This article will describe ways that data can be collected and analyzed.

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