Psychological Models of Suicide

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shira Barzilay ◽  
Abbie Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Prognostic Models ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors ◽  
And Behavior

A comprehensive model of suicidal processes and behavior is essential for the assessment of imminent risk for suicide and for the design of informed interventions. This chapter provides descriptions of the three generations of the most influential theories of suicidal behavior as well as an assessment of their strengths and limitations. First-generation models were based on clinicians’ individual experiences and, more recently, on consensus opinion and clinical judgment. Second-generation prognostic models hypothesized that suicide risk was determined by measurable long-term biological, clinical, or demographic risk factors. Third-generation models of suicidal behavior focused on dynamic risk elements, which appear later in life, change over time, and are operational immediately proximal to suicide. This chapter provides a historical perspective on the evolution of the theoretical approaches to the understanding of psychological processes that make suicide possible.

Evaluation and Care of Suicidal Behavior in Emergency Settings

1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Pertinent Literature ◽  
Clinical Applicability ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors

The author offers a sequential protocol for the evaluation and care of suicidal behavior in emergency settings. This protocol contains the following components: 1) a review of the limitations of clinical and demographic risk factors; 2) an exploration of frequent negative reactions that arise during the suicidal encounter in clinicians; 3) an objective schema for grading suicidal behavior; 4) an understanding of chronic suicidal behavior; and 5) a flexible treatment approach. Pertinent literature on suicide evaluation and management is reviewed with an emphasis toward the clinical applicability in emergency settings.

Existential Oppression Faced by Individuals Having Psychosis and Schizophrenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Prousky
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Modern Treatment ◽  
Existential Needs ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Existential Issues

Schizophrenia is really a syndrome manifested by marked changes in the afflicted individual’s functioning, perception, thinking, and behavior. The onset can be sudden or can take many years to reach some critical threshold in which the “illness” becomes so observable forcing some type of action or intervention. It is thought to arise from gene–environmental interactions within the context of a diathesis–stress milieu. An often ignored area of inquiry by biomedical researchers and/or biological psychiatrists involves an exploration of how existential crises relate to symptoms of psychosis and how existential issues arising from the modern treatment of schizophrenia are likely to be involved in causing some (or the majority) of the long-term morbidity associated with the syndrome. I describe some existentially oriented psychological models linking existential crises to symptoms of psychosis and summarize qualitative research demonstrating that the existential needs of many individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia remain disregarded despite aggressive biomedical psychiatric treatment, and, as a result, often lead to existential oppression and ongoing infirmity.

Do antiserotonergic antipsychotics induce OCD more frequently than first-generation antipsychotics in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia?

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
X Schlenzig ◽  
J Rentzsch ◽  
SBD Bahri ◽  
H Danker-Hopfe ◽  
MC Jockers-Scherübl
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment

(World Wide) Work 2.0

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Carole Cusack ◽  
David Pecotic
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
World Wide ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Ethnography ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Web Presence ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Online Engagement

The occult and the internet intersect in four ways: as a static medium for information; as a space where contested information or ideological conflict may occur; as a facilitator of communication; and as a medium for esoteric practice. The last type of activity is rare, but it is intriguing, in that technology can shape and inform beliefs and practices in unanticipated ways. Online engagement with the ‘Work’, the movement produced by the Greek Armenian spiritual teacher and esotericist G. I. Gurdjieff (c. 1866-1949) and his immediate followers, is an under-researched instance of online esoteric practice. This article addresses this scholarly desideratum, bringing the theoretical approaches of online religion and digital ethnography to bear on the Gurdjieff Internet Guide (GIG) website, founded by Reijo Oksanen (b. 1942) and later maintained by Kristina Turner, who created an accompanying Facebook page. The GIG manifests a shift away from the sectarian secrecy of the ‘Foundation’ groups, founded by Jeanne de Salzmann (1889-1990) after Gurdjieff’s death to formalise and protect the content of the Work, and the limited web presence that the Foundation permits. The GIG moves towards an ecumenical ‘open source’ approach to the dissemination of Gurdjieff’s teachings rooted in independent groups founded by other first generation followers of Gurdjieff who remained outside of the Foundation. It is argued that the deregulation of the religious and spiritual marketplace of the contemporary West, coupled with the dominant role played by the Internet in disseminating information, has radically transformed the Gurdjieff tradition, collapsing hierarchies and esoteric strategies, democratizing access for seekers, and creating new ritual and teaching modes.

THE ROLE OF POLYETHYLENIMINE IN ENHANCING PERFORMANCE OF GLUTAMATE BIOSENSORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Diep Do Thi Hong ◽  
Duong Le Phuoc ◽  
Hoai Nguyen Thi ◽  
Serra Pier Andrea ◽  
Rocchitta Gaia
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Good Reproducibility ◽  
Complex Matrices ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
In Vitro Characterization ◽  
Glutamate Oxidase

Background: The first biosensor was constructed more than fifty years ago. It was composed of the biorecognition element and transducer. The first-generation enzyme biosensors play important role in monitoring neurotransmitter and determine small quantities of substances in complex matrices of the samples Glutamate is important biochemicals involved in energetic metabolism and neurotransmission. Therefore, biosensors requires the development a new approach exhibiting high sensibility, good reproducibility and longterm stability. The first-generation enzyme biosensors play important role in monitoring neurotransmitter and determine small quantities of substances in complex matrices of the samples. The aims of this work: To find out which concentration of polyethylenimine (PEI) exhibiting the most high sensibility, good reproducibility and long-term stability. Methods: We designed and developed glutamate biosensor using different concentration of PEI ranging from 0% to 5% at Day 1 and Day 8. Results: After Glutamate biosensors in-vitro characterization, several PEI concentrations, ranging from 0.5% to 1% seem to be the best in terms of VMAX, the KM; while PEI content ranging from 0.5% to 1% resulted stable, PEI 1% displayed an excellent stability. Conclusions: In the result, PEI 1% perfomed high sensibility, good stability and blocking interference. Furthermore, we expect to develop and characterize an implantable biosensor capable of detecting glutamate, glucose in vivo. Key words: Glutamate biosensors, PEi (Polyethylenimine) enhances glutamate oxidase, glutamate oxidase biosensors

When Political Transitions Work

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanie du Toit
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
Political Reconciliation ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
African Experience ◽  
The One

Reconciliation emphasizes relationships as a crucial ingredient of political transition; this book argues for the importance of such a relational focus in crafting sustainable political transitions. Section I focuses on South Africa’s transition to democracy—how Mandela and De Klerk persuaded skeptical constituencies to commit to political reconciliation, how this proposal gained momentum, and how well the transition resulted in the goal of an inclusive and fair society. In developing a coherent theory of reconciliation to address questions such as these, I explain political reconciliation from three angles and thereby build a concept of reconciliation that corresponds largely with the South African experience. In Section II, these questions lead the discussion beyond South Africa into some of the prominent theoretical approaches to reconciliation in recent times. I develop typologies for three different reconciliation theories: forgiveness, agonism, and social restoration. I conclude in Section III that relationships created through political reconciliation, between leaders as well as between ordinary citizens, are illuminated when understood as an expression of a comprehensive “interdependence” that precedes any formal peace processes between enemies. I argue that linking reconciliation with the acknowledgment of interdependence emphasizes that there is no real alternative to reconciliation if the motivation is the long-term well-being of one’s own community. Without ensuring the conditions in which an enemy can flourish, one’s own community is unlikely to prosper sustainably. This theoretical approach locates the deepest motivation for reconciliation in choosing mutual well-being above the one-sided fight for exclusive survival at the other’s cost.

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