Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Psychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleeze Moss ◽  
Diane Reibel
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Dialectical Behavior Therapy ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment ◽  
The Brain

Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) are nonpharmacological interventions that show promise for the treatment of a number of mental health conditions. This chapter describes several MBIs, specifically Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and the research that supports the efficacy of these interventions in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. MBSR and MBCT have been shown to be effective in the treatment of anxiety and depression. DBT has been shown to be effective in the treatment of borderline personality disorder and ACT effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. New MBIs are being developed to work specifically with populations suffering with posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, addictions, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Current research on neural mechanisms associated with mindfulness training and its benefits are demonstrating structural and functional changes in the brain.

scholarly journals Genome wide meta-analysis identifies genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight psychiatric disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Phil H. Lee ◽  
Verneri Anttila ◽  
Hyejung Won ◽  
Yen-Chen A. Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genomic Relationships ◽  
The Brain

SummaryGenetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci. However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear. We performed a meta-analysis of 232,964 cases and 494,162 controls from genome-wide studies of anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders identifying three groups of inter-related disorders. We detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders, including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders and 11 loci with antagonistic effects on multiple disorders. The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning in the second trimester prenatally, and play prominent roles in a suite of neurodevelopmental processes. These findings have important implications for psychiatric nosology, drug development, and risk prediction.

scholarly journals Methylphenidate-induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-22
Author(s):  
Sharath Vishwaraj
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Complete Remission ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Childhood Psychiatric Disorders

ABSTRACT Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders. It is most often treated with methylphenidate (MPH). A 6-year-old male with ADHD was started on MPH. He developed severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which lasted for 1 day and was self-limiting. There was complete remission on stopping MPH, without any specific treatment for OCD. How to cite this article Bavle A, Vishwaraj S. Methylphenidate- induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Med Sci 2016;2(1):21-22.

scholarly journals Genetic influences on eight psychiatric disorders based on family data of 4 408 646 full and half-siblings, and genetic data of 333 748 cases and controls

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (07) ◽  
pp. 1166-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pettersson ◽  
P. Lichtenstein ◽  
H. Larsson ◽  
J. Song ◽  
A. Agrawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Study Designs

AbstractBackgroundMost studies underline the contribution of heritable factors for psychiatric disorders. However, heritability estimates depend on the population under study, diagnostic instruments, and study designs that each has its inherent assumptions, strengths, and biases. We aim to test the homogeneity in heritability estimates between two powerful, and state of the art study designs for eight psychiatric disorders.MethodsWe assessed heritability based on data of Swedish siblings (N = 4 408 646 full and maternal half-siblings), and based on summary data of eight samples with measured genotypes (N = 125 533 cases and 208 215 controls). All data were based on standard diagnostic criteria. Eight psychiatric disorders were studied: (1) alcohol dependence (AD), (2) anorexia nervosa, (3) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (4) autism spectrum disorder, (5) bipolar disorder, (6) major depressive disorder, (7) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and (8) schizophrenia.ResultsHeritability estimates from sibling data varied from 0.30 for Major Depression to 0.80 for ADHD. The estimates based on the measured genotypes were lower, ranging from 0.10 for AD to 0.28 for OCD, but were significant, and correlated positively (0.19) with national sibling-based estimates. When removing OCD from the data the correlation increased to 0.50.ConclusionsGiven the unique character of each study design, the convergent findings for these eight psychiatric conditions suggest that heritability estimates are robust across different methods. The findings also highlight large differences in genetic and environmental influences between psychiatric disorders, providing future directions for etiological psychiatric research.

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain for Psychiatric Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Nuttin ◽  
Loes Gabriëls ◽  
Paul Cosyns ◽  
Jan Gybels
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractDespite advances in therapies, there remain psychiatric patients who are extremely ill and cannot be helped by classic psychiatric treatments, including psychotherapy and drug therapy. Certain of these patients may be helped by use of bilateral brain lesioning. The complication rate of standard stereotactic psychosurgery techniques is very low. The main rationale for the continued experimental use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in neurosurgery for mental disorders is its reversibility. This reversibility is not an advantage in terms of the benefits obtained, but rather if side effects emerge. In addition, electrical stimulation may provide patients with some autonomy for their treatment. The first, very preliminary results of electrical stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and for a small heterogeneous group of patients with other psychiatric disorders have been published. Electrical stimulation of the brain for psychiatric disorders may become a new treatment option for certain intractable psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of DBS in psychiatric disorders is unknown, and the experience with this modality is extremely limited. The first results look promising, but this treatment option may prove unusable for some time because of a lack of knowledge of appropriate brain stimulation targets and technical problems such as the availability of sufficient current supply.

scholarly journals Elevated Expression of SLC6A4 Encoding the Serotonin Transporter (SERT) in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Mathis Hildonen ◽  
Amanda M. Levy ◽  
Christina Dahl ◽  
Victoria A. Bjerregaard ◽  
Lisbeth Birk Møller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Elevated Expression ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Most of the GTS individuals have comorbid diagnoses, of which obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the most common. Several neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, and amongst these, the dopaminergic and the serotonergic pathways are the most widely studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene (SLC6A4) was differentially expressed among GTS individuals compared to healthy controls, and whether DNA variants (the SERT-linked polymorphic region 5-HTTLPR, together with the associated rs25531 and rs25532 variants, and the rare Ile425Val variant) or promoter methylation of SLC6A4 were associated with gene expression levels or with the presence of OCD as comorbidity. We observed that SLC6A4 expression is upregulated in GTS individuals compared to controls. Although no specific genotype, allele or haplotype was overrepresented in GTS individuals compared to controls, we observed that the LAC/LAC genotype of the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531/rs25532 three-locus haplotype was associated with higher SLC6A4 mRNA expression levels in GTS individuals, but not in the control group.

scholarly journals Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 025371762199673
Author(s):  
Joel Philip ◽  
Vinu Cherian
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Change Acceptance ◽  
Commitment Therapy ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment

Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the use of “third-wave” psychotherapies in treating psychiatric disorders. These newer therapies are fundamentally different from the existing techniques such as cognitive behavioral therapy in terms of their guiding principles and processes of change. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is the most prominent among these “third wave” psychotherapies. However, there have not been any reports from India, thus far, that have studied the use of ACT in treating obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). We describe a case of OCD that was successfully treated with eight sessions of ACT, with the results being maintained over a one-month follow-up period. Postintervention tests revealed a significant decrease in obsessive–compulsive symptoms and an associated increase in psychological flexibility. This case study highlights the possible utility of ACT as a therapeutic intervention in OCD, especially when combined with pharmacotherapy.

scholarly journals Habilidades de Mindfulness y Cognición Social en la predicción de la sintomatología afectiva en Esquizofrenia, Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo y controles sanos

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel González-Panzano ◽  
Luis Borao ◽  
Paola Herrera-Mercadal ◽  
Daniel Campos ◽  
Yolanda López-del-Hoyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale

Abstract: Mindfulness and social cognition skills in the prediction of affective symptomatology in schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and nonclinical participants. The aim of the study was to investigate significant predictors of affective symptomatology in schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls. The sample was of 91 participants who completed the following instruments: the Eye Test (emotional recognition), the Hinting Task (theory of mind), the Ambiguous Intentions and Hostility Questionnaire(AIHQ; attributional style), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; empathy), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; mindfulness trait), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form(FFMQ-SF), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS). Significant predictors of affective symptomatology were: mindfulness (dispositional or trait mindfulness, nonreactivity and nonjudgment), and social cognition (SC) (attributional style and theory of mind). Mediation analysis showed that theory of mind was the only significant mediator of affective symptomatology. This paper shows the role of mindfulness and SC skills in the prediction of affective symptomatology.Keywords: mindfulness, social cognition, theory of mind, affective symptomatology, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder.Resumen:El objetivo del estudio fue investigar predictores significativos de sintomatología afectiva en Esquizofrenia (EZ), trastorno obsesivo compulsivo (TOC) y controles no clínicos. La muestra fue de 91 participantes que completaron los siguientes instrumentos: Eyes Test (reconocimiento emocional), Hinting Task (teoría de la mente), Ambiguous Intentions and Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ; estilo atribucional), Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal (IRI; empatía), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS;mindfulness rasgo), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FFMQ-SF), y Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Los resultados mostraron que el mindfulness (mindfulness rasgo, no reactividad y no juicio) y la cognición social (estilo atribucional y teoría de la mente) fueron predictores significativos. Los análisis de mediación señalaron la variable de teoría de la mente, como único mediador significativo de la sintomatología afectiva.Los resultados de este estudio señalan el papel de las habilidades de mindfulness y cognición social en la predicción de sintomatología afectiva.Palabras clave: mindfulness, cognición social, teoría de la mente, sintomatología afectiva, esquizofrenia, trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo.

scholarly journals Coping Strategies, Anxiety and Depression in OCD and Schizophrenia: Changes during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Ángel Rosa-Alcázar ◽  
José Luis Parada-Navas ◽  
María Dolores García-Hernández ◽  
Sergio Martínez-Murillo ◽  
Pablo J. Olivares-Olivares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
And Coping

Background: The main aim was to examine changes in coping strategies, anxiety and depression in obsessive–compulsive and schizophrenia patients during COVID-19, in addition to controlling the influence of intolerance to uncertainty and experiential avoidance. Method: The first time, the study comprised (15–30 April 2020) 293 patients, 113 of whom were diagnosed with obsessive–compulsive disorder, 61 with schizophrenia and 119 healthy controls, aged 13–77 years (M = 37.89, SD = 12.65). The second time (15–30 November), the study comprised 195 participants (85 obsessive–compulsive patients, 42 schizophrenic patiens and 77 healthy controls participants). The evaluation was carried out through an online survey. Results: The clinical groups worsened over time in cognitive coping, anxiety and depression, while the control group only worsened in depression. Intergroup differences in anxiety, depression and coping strategies were maintained, highlighting the use of some maladaptive strategies (avoidance, spiritual) in clinical groups. Experiential avoidance and tolerance for uncertainty mainly affected coping. Conclusions: The duration of COVID-19 not only produced changes in anxiety and depression in clinical groups but also in coping strategies to face this pandemic and its consequences.

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