Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incidents

2020 ◽  
pp. 615-658
Author(s):  
Ian Greaves ◽  
Keith Porter
Keyword(s):  
Information Gathering ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Gas Release ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Mode Of Presentation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Underground System ◽  
Chemical Incidents

A chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) incident may occur as the result of an accident or specific act of terrorism. Events such as the Chernobyl nuclear incident in Ukraine, the Sarin gas release on the underground system in Tokyo, the anthrax releases in the US, and the Salisbury Novichok attack, highlight the necessity for a structured multi-agency and multi-disciplinary response of which medical support is an essential component. This chapter covers the mode of presentation, and then focuses on each type in turn. Scene safety, triage, and information gathering are described. For chemical incidents, decontamination and specific antidotes are also included. Characteristics of biological agents are defined, and methods of managing a radiation and nuclear incident are specifically covered, including managing the patient.

The Racialization of Legal Categories in the First U.S. Census

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Jean Emigh ◽  
Dylan Riley ◽  
Patricia Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
State Actors

This paper examines the demographic categories in the first few US censuses, which are asymmetrical combinations of race and legal status not mandated by the US Constitution. State actors explicitly introduced and revised these categories; however, these state actors successfully introduced these categories into the census only when they were already widespread throughout society. Thus, more generally, the paper points to flaws in a “state-centered” view of information gathering, which stresses how state actors create census categories that, in turn, shape social conditions as they become subsequently widespread. In contrast, this paper suggests that politicians draw on widespread social categories when creating census categories, showing how state and social influences interact to create the information in censuses.

scholarly journals Surges of advanced medical support associated with influenza outbreaks

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (11) ◽  
pp. 2409-2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. KING ◽  
J. E. SCHWEINLE ◽  
R. J. HATCHETT ◽  
Y. GAO ◽  
R. LICHENSTEIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Individual Study ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Influenza Outbreak ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks

SUMMARYWe utilized de-identified data to evaluate increases in four outcomes during influenza outbreak periods (IOPs) including: hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation or death for adults aged 18 years or older with medically attended acute respiratory illnesses (MAARI) admitted to any of Maryland's 50 acute-care hospitals over 12 years. Weekly numbers of positive influenza tests in the Maryland area were obtained from the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention interactive website. The fewest consecutive weeks around the peak week containing at least 85% of the positive tests defined the IOP. Weekly counts of individual study outcomes were positively correlated with regional weekly counts of positive influenza tests during all the IOPs over 12 years. Also, rate ratios comparing daily occurrences of each study outcome between the IOP and non-IOP were significantly elevated. These results confirm conclusions of previous studies that influenza outbreaks are clearly associated with deaths and increased use of advanced medical resources by patients with MAARI. These data analyses suggest that increased efforts to develop more effective influenza vaccines and therapeutics should be a priority.

scholarly journals ANTHROPOGENIC DISASTERS ON BULGARIAN TERRITORY: CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS ON LAND AND AT SEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 3718-3722
Author(s):  
Maria Panteleeva ◽  
◽  
Rositsa Chamova ◽  
Nikolina Radeva ◽  
Hristianna Romanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Industry ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Industrial Accidents ◽  
Chemical Accidents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chemical Incidents ◽  
Transport Accidents

Natural and anthropogenic disasters become more frequent worldwide. As technology advances, the risk of major industrial accidents increases. Often accidents in the chemical and oil industry, in agriculture, or during transportation, lead to mass poisoning and extensive environmental pollution. The particularities of the medical support in case of such chemical incidents are challenging the healthcare system. The article aims to analyze the chemical accidents and the measures taken to reduce their effect in Bulgaria and in the Black sea aquatory. Historical and documentary methods have been used to gather information on disasters and accidents in Bulgaria, where toxic chemicals have been released into the environment, causing material damage and human casualties. We have researched and analyzed various articles and publications in Bulgarian and foreign scientific journals on the subject. Major industrial and transport accidents in the last 50-60 years on land and water had been selected from the literature sources. Both the reasons that led to them and the measures which were taken to eliminate the consequences were discussed. The major industrial accidents with a release of industrial toxic substances into the environment are relatively common and result in contaminating large areas and many casualties. Chemical accidents at sea are indicative of the need for joint action by different organizations to quickly overcome and avoid environmental impact. The risk of industrial poisonous substances entering the environment is significant and measures to avoid such accidents have to be taken, as well as training of a wide range of health professionals and the general public on the proper behaviour in case of a chemical disaster.

scholarly journals Stress and cognitive biases in schizotypy: A two-site study of bias against disconfirmatory evidence and jumping to conclusions

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh P. Le ◽  
Taylor L. Fedechko ◽  
Alex S. Cohen ◽  
Samantha Allred ◽  
Carrie Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Jumping To Conclusions ◽  
Psychosis Continuum ◽  
The Us ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Reasoning Biases

Abstract The dysfunctional cognitive and reasoning biases which underpin psychotic symptoms are likely to present prior to the onset of a diagnosable disorder and should therefore be detectable along the psychosis continuum in individuals with schizotypal traits. Two reasoning biases, Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) and Jumping to Conclusions (JTC), describe how information is selected and weighed under conditions of uncertainty during decision making. It is likely that states such as elevated stress exacerbates JTC and BADE in individuals with high schizotypal traits vulnerable to displaying these information gathering styles. Therefore, we evaluated whether stress and schizotypy interacted to predict these reasoning biases using separate samples from the US (JTC) and England (BADE). Generally speaking, schizotypal traits and stress were not independently associated with dysfunctional reasoning biases. However, across both studies, the interaction between schizotypy traits and stress significantly predicted reasoning biases such that increased stress was associated with increased reasoning biases, but only for individuals low in schizotypal traits. These patterns were observed for positive schizotypal traits (in both samples), for negative traits (in the England sample only), but not for disorganization traits. For both samples, our findings suggest that the presence of states such as stress is associated with, though not necessarily dysfunctional, reasoning biases in individuals with low schizotypy. These reasoning biases seemed, in some ways, relatively immutable to stress in individuals endorsing high levels of positive schizotypal traits.

scholarly journals Experience, experts, statistics, or just science? Predictors and consequences of reliance on different evidence types during the COVID-19 infodemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 096366252110096
Author(s):  
Hang Lu ◽  
Haoran Chu ◽  
Yanni Ma
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Us ◽  
Processing Variables

As an unprecedented global disease outbreak, the COVID-19 pandemic is also accompanied by an infodemic. To better cope with the pandemic, laypeople need to process information in ways that help guide informed judgments and decisions. Such information processing likely involves the reliance on various evidence types. Extending the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model via a two-wave survey ( N = 1284), we examined the predictors and consequences of US-dwelling Chinese’s reliance on four evidence types (i.e. scientific, statistical, experiential, and expert) regarding COVID-19 information. Overall, Risk Information Seeking and Processing variables such as information insufficiency and perceived information gathering capacity predicted the use of all four evidence types. However, other Risk Information Seeking and Processing variables (e.g. informational subjective norms) did not emerge as important predictors. In addition, different evidence types had different associations with subsequent disease prevention behaviors and satisfaction with the US government’s action to address the pandemic. Finally, discrete emotions varied in their influences on the use of evidence types, behaviors, and satisfaction. The findings provide potentially valuable contributions to science and health communication theory and practice.

scholarly journals EXPERIENCE IN MEDICAL SUPPORT OF SHIPS AND UNITS OF FOREIGN ARMIES DURING THE NEW CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
E. V. Kryukov ◽  
K. S. Shulenin ◽  
D. V. Cherkashin ◽  
A. Ya. Fisun ◽  
E. M. Mavrenkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Reactor Operation ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Aircraft Carrier ◽  
Theodore Roosevelt ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

The pandemic of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) threatened the combat readiness of the Armed Forces (AF) and required the urgent development and implementation of its own measures to limit the spread of the disease. Wide-spread principles to combat this disease, including social distancing, isolation of patients and quarantine of contact persons, are difficult to comply with Navy service. Given the features of habitability, autonomy and distance from the main locations, the experience gained and the measures taken during the outbreak of COVID-19 on the US Navy nuclear aircraft carrier «Theodore Roosevelt» are of great interest. It was important that at the time of diagnosis COVID-19 77% of crew members had no signs of disease, and 43% of them remained completely asymptomatic. The incidence among officers was significantly less than in ordinary and sergeant personnel. None of the officers were hospitalized. People of the white race predominated among the diseased and hospitalized (42,7 per cent and 30,4 per cent, respectively), as well as those associated with reactor operation, weapons and support personnel (27,9 per cent in total). At the same time, those servicemen who strictly followed non-specific preventive measures had a reliably lower infection rate.

scholarly journals Agroterrorism in the U.S.: An Overview

EDIS ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée M. Goodrich Schneider ◽  
Keith R. Schneider ◽  
C. D. Webb ◽  
Mike Hubbard ◽  
Douglas L. Archer
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
The Us ◽  
The U.S

Revised! FSHN-05-21, a 4-page fact sheet by R. Goodrich Schneider, K.R. Schneider, C.D. Webb, M. Hubbard, and D.L. Archer, discusses the use of biological agents in a deliberate, harmful attack, or terrorism using the weapons of biological warfare against the U.S. agricultural and food processing system. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, April 2009. FSHN0521/FS126: Agroterrorism in the US: An Overview (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals Slipping through the cracks: Background investigations after Snowden

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Sarah Young
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The United States ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Gain Access

Although Edward Snowden set out to expose the extent of the United States (US) government’s surveillance practices so that the public would be aware of the magnitude of the country’s information gathering, Snowden’s actions have actually, at least in the case of background investigations, revealed an inability for the US government to gather all desired information for surveillance purposes. This lack of ability to gain access to information has several major consequences. First, it has created a call for more information to be gathered. It has also affected federal workers’ privacy and whistleblowing capabilities, encouraged a false trust in a fallible system, and has perpetuated the belief that the BI can actually capture the essence or “whole person” of an individual so much that it can tell the future.  All of these elements are problematic and help show how surveillance proliferates in modern society.

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