Pneumonia

2021 ◽  
pp. 445-454
Author(s):  
Terry Robinson ◽  
Jane Scullion
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Care ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Severity Assessment ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Disease Community

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the tissue in one or both lungs, usually caused by a bacterial infection. This chapter begins with a brief background to pneumonia, and then describes three different types of the disease: community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms are listed, along with a severity assessment. Transmission, risk factors, and treatment are all outlined. Most types of pneumonia can be effectively treated with antibiotics, but it can be a serious illness, especially in frail older people, young people, and those already ill or immunocompromised. In these cases, the mortality rate is between 5% and 14%. Pneumonia can occur at any time of the year, but it is more common in the autumn and winter. Investigations and prevention are also covered, as well as specific nursing care considerations including oxygen therapy.

scholarly journals The accuracy of severity assessment tools designed for community acquired pneumonia among elderly patients with hospital acquired pneumonia

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Doha Rasheedy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Severity Assessment ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pneumonia Severity ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background: Pneumonia severity assessment is an essential initial step in the evaluation of patients with community acquired pneumonia. Many validated severity assessment tools were designed for use in this setting. However, there is no disease based validated scoring system are in use for hospital acquired pneumonia.Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the validity for the use of PSI, CURB-65, and SMART-COP scores in elderly with hospital acquired pneumonia.Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with hospital acquired pneumonia and 41 patients with community acquired pneumonia were assessed using PSI, CURB-65, and SMART-COP scores. Short term outcomes were recorded i.e. in hospital mortality, or 30 days mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation or vasopressor drugs.Results: The 30 day mortality was 66.67% and 41.5% among HAP and CAP patients respectively. In both groups, the patients who died were older than the survivors; they had lower partial pressure of oxygen and Glasgow Coma Scale score. Moreover, they had higher heart rate and higher PSI, CURB 65, and SMART- COP scores. Among patient with community acquired pneumonia survivors had higher serum albumin while among patient with hospital acquired pneumonia, the survivors had lower fasting blood glucose.Conclusion: PSI predicted 30 day mortality and the use of mechanical ventilation but not the use of vasopressor drugs in hospital acquired pneumonia. SMART- COP and CURB 65 predicted the use of vasopressor drugs in this group.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 7(3) 2016 65-71

scholarly journals Management of Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)

2013 ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Alessia Rosato ◽  
Claudio Santini
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Outpatient Setting ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Traditional Classification ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Health Care Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Introduction The traditional classification of Pneumonia as either community acquired (CAP) or hospital acquired (HAP) reflects deep differences in the etiology, pathogenesis, approach and prognosis between the two entities. Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) develops in a heterogeneous group of patients receiving invasive medical care or surgical procedures in an outpatient setting. For epidemiology and outcomes, HCAP closely resembles HAP and possibly requires an analogous therapeutic regimen effective against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Materials and methods We reviewed the pertinent literature and the guidelines for the diagnosis and management of HCAP to analyze the evidence for the recommended approach. Results Growing evidence seems to confirm the differences in epidemiology and outcome between HCAP and CAP but fails to confirm any real advantage in pursuing an aggressive treatment for all HCAP and CAP patients. Discussion Further investigations are needed to establish the optimal treatment approach according to the different categories of patients and the different illness severities. Keywords Health Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP); Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP); Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP); Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pathogens

Pulmonary Infections

Chest Imaging ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 187-189
Author(s):  
Santiago Martínez-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Clinical Perspective ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Pneumonia can be classified as: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), and pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. Although the above are similar pathologically, they are very different from a clinical perspective. Chest radiography is often performed to support the diagnosis and to determine the extent of involvement prior to the onset of therapy. Radiography should not be performed in the short term in patients who are improving clinically as it can lead to the misdiagnosis of treatment failure. Chest radiography in patients treated for pneumonia should only be obtained before 4-6 weeks after the onset of therapy if there is a failure of clinical response or if complications of pneumonia are clinically suspected. The majority of pneumonias will resolve after 6 weeks of appropriate antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Registered nurses’ experiences of providing respiratory care in relation to hospital- acquired pneumonia at in-patient stroke units: a qualitative descriptive study

BMC Nursing ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunilla Borglin ◽  
Miia Eriksson ◽  
Madeleine Rosén ◽  
Malin Axelsson
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Registered Nurses ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Respiratory Care ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Stroke Units ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Objective This study aimed to describe registered nurses’ (RNs) experiences of providing respiratory care in relation to hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP), specifically among patients with acute stroke being cared for at in-patient stroke units. Background One of the most common and serious respiratory complications associated with acute stroke is HAP. Respiratory care is among the fundamentals of patient care, and thus competency in this field is expected as part of nursing training. However, there is a paucity of literature detailing RNs’ experiences with respiratory care in relation to HAP, specifically among patients with acute stroke, in the context of stroke units. As such, there is a need to expand the knowledge base relating to respiratory care focusing on HAP, to assist with evidence-based nursing. Design A qualitative descriptive study. Method Eleven RNs working in four different acute stroke units in Southern Sweden participated in the current study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and the transcribed interviews were analysed using inductive content analysis. Results Three overarching categories were identified: (1), awareness of risk assessments and risk factors for HAP (2) targeting HAP through multiple nursing care actions, and (3) challenges in providing respiratory care to patients in risk of HAP. These reflected the similarities and differences in the experiences that RNs had with providing respiratory care in relation to HAP among in-patients with acute stroke. Conclusions The findings from this study suggest that the RNs experience organisational challenges in providing respiratory care for HAP among patients with acute stroke. Respiratory care plays a vital role in the identification and prevention of HAP, but our findings imply that RNs’ knowledge needs to be improved, the fundamentals of nursing care need to be prioritised, and evidence-based guidelines must be implemented. RNs would also benefit from further education and support, in order to lead point-of-care nursing in multidisciplinary stroke teams.

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics of patients with pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant and hypervirulent strains: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Han Juan ◽  
Shih-Yu Fang ◽  
Chia-Hsin Chou ◽  
Tsung-Ying Tsai ◽  
Yi-Tsung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Background We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and analyze the antimicrobial resistance and proportion of hypervirluent strains of the microbial isolates. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on patients with pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan between January 2014 and December 2016. To analyze the clinical characteristics of these patients, data was extracted from their medical records. K. pneumoniae strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, capsular genotyping and detection of the rmpA and rmpA2 genes to identify hypervirulent strains. Results We identified 276 patients with pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae, of which 68 (24.6%), 74 (26.8%), and 134 (48.6%) presented with CAP, HCAP, and HAP, respectively. The 28-day mortality was highest in the HAP group (39.6%), followed by the HCAP (29.7%) and CAP (27.9%) groups. The HAP group also featured the highest proportion of multi-drug resistant strains (49.3%), followed by the HCAP (36.5%) and CAP groups (10.3%), while the CAP group had the highest proportion of hypervirulent strains (79.4%), followed by the HCAP (55.4%) and HAP groups (41.0%). Conclusion Pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae was associated with a high mortality. Importantly, multi-drug resistant strains were also detected in patients with CAP. Hypervirulent strains were prevalent in all 3 groups of pneumonia patients, even in those with HAP.

Pneumonia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pippa Newton
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Pneumonia ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Pulmonary Parenchyma ◽  
Post Intubation ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Pneumonia is defined as acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma, presenting with consistent symptoms and signs and associated with new radiographic shadowing. It may be acute or chronic in onset and involve either one area of a lung (e.g. lobar pneumonia) or be multifocal in nature. It may be community acquired or hospital acquired. Community- acquired pneumonia is defined as pneumonia occurring in an individual with no recent contact with a healthcare setting, or in a patient admitted to hospital with development of symptoms and/or signs of pneumonia within 48 hours of admission. Hospital-acquired pneumonia or nosocomial pneumonia occurs when a patient develops symptoms or signs of pneumonia after 48 hours of admission to a healthcare setting or in the context of a long-term nursing home resident. A subtype of nosocomial pneumonia is ventilator-associated pneumonia, defined as pneumonia occurring at least 48–72 hours post intubation.

scholarly journals Incidence and outcomes of hospitalization for community-acquired, ventilator-associated and non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonias in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001447
Author(s):  
Ana Lopez-de-Andres ◽  
Romana Albadalejo-Vicente ◽  
Javier de Miguel-Diez ◽  
Valentin Hernandez-Barrera ◽  
Zichen Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Hospital Acquired

IntroductionTo describe the incidence and compare in-hospital outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) among patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using propensity score matching.Research design and methodsThis was a retrospective observational epidemiological study using the 2016–2017 Spanish Hospital Discharge Records.ResultsOf 245 221 admissions, CAP was identified in 227 524 (27.67% with T2DM), VAP was identified in 2752 (18.31% with T2DM) and NV-HAP was identified in 14 945 (25.75% with T2DM). The incidence of pneumonia was higher among patients with T2DM (CAP: incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.44, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.45; VAP: IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.37 and NV-HAP: IRR 1.38, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.44). In-hospital mortality (IHM) for CAP was 12.74% in patients with T2DM and 14.16% in matched controls (p<0.001); in patients with VAP and NV-HAP, IHM was not significantly different between those with and without T2DM (43.65% vs 41.87%, p=0.567, and 29.02% vs 29.75%, p=0.484, respectively). Among patients with T2DM, older age and dialysis were factors associated with IHM for all types of pneumonia. In patients with VAP, the risk of IHM was higher in females (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.96).ConclusionThe incidence rates of all types of pneumonia were higher in patients with T2DM. Higher mortality rates in patients with T2DM with any type of pneumonia were associated with older age, comorbidities and dialysis.

scholarly journals A Literature Review on Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP), Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedram Bolboli Zade ◽  
Abbas Farahani ◽  
Mohammadreza Riyahi ◽  
Ali Laelabadi ◽  
Ali Salami Asl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Artificial Airway ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Common Infection

: One of the most dangerous respiratory diseases is pneumonia, one of the ten leading causes of death globally. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a common infection in hospitals, which is the second most common nosocomial infection and causes inflammation parenchyma. In Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), we have various risk factors, including age and gender, and also some specific risk factors. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the deadliest nosocomial infections. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, VAP is pneumonia that develops about 48 hours of an artificial airway. Bacterial, viral, parasitic, primordial, and other species can cause these diseases. We discuss bacterial factors. Our goal is to gather information about HAP, CAP, and VAP to give people specific information. In this study, these three issues have been examined together, but in similar studies, each of them has been examined separately, and our type of study will be more helpful in diagnosis and treatment.

Respiratory, head, and neck infections

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Estée Török ◽  
Fiona J. Cooke ◽  
Ed Moran
Keyword(s):  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Peritonsillar Abscess ◽  
Lung Abscess ◽  
Retropharyngeal Abscess ◽  
Bacterial Tracheitis ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Lemierre’S Disease ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Dental Infections

This chapter covers the common cold, pharyngitis, retropharyngeal abscess, quinsy (peritonsillar abscess), Lemierre’s disease, croup, epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis, otitis externa, otitis media, dental infections, lateral pharyngeal abscess, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis, community-acquired pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, empyema, lung abscess, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary tuberculosis.

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