Other ophthalmic lesions in the fundus

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Hypertensive Retinopathy ◽  
Blood Disorders ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ophthalmic Pathology ◽  
Diabetic Population ◽  
Medical Teams

When screening the diabetic population for diabetic retinopathy (DR), many other retinal conditions can be identified, which may represent harmless variations of normality or serious ophthalmic pathology. The most important conditions that may be detected are retinal vein and artery occlusion, hypertensive retinopathy, arterial emboli, and retinal changes due to blood disorders, for example, anaemia. These conditions need local protocols for management, which are best obtained by input and advice from the relevant medical teams. Overall, familiarity with fundal appearance and pattern recognition are important in order to recognize common abnormalities, for example, drusen, chorioretinitis, asteroides hyalosis, choroidal naevi, and age-related macular degeneration.

Medical retina

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bheema Patil ◽  
Pankaj Puri
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Fluorescein Angiography ◽  
Visual Loss ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Night Vision ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Hypertensive Retinopathy ◽  
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography ◽  
Macular Lesion ◽  
Age Related

The chapter begins by discussing key clinical skills, namely fundus fluorescein angiography, abnormal fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and electrophysiology. The following areas of clinical knowledge are then discussed: diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusions, age-related macular degeneration, intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, central serous chorioretinopathy, retinal vascular anomalies, retinal dystrophies, and choroidal dystrophies. The chapter concludes with eight case-based discussions, on gradual visual loss, central visual loss, visual loss in a hypertensive patient, sudden, painless visual loss, diabetic retinopathy, difficult night vision, visual loss in child, and macular lesion.

A population-based study of visual impairment in the Lower Tugela health district in KZN, SA

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Naidoo ◽  
D Sweeney ◽  
J Jaggernath ◽  
B. Holden
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Health District ◽  
Hypertensive Retinopathy ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Kwazulu Natal

A cross-sectional, population-based, epidemiological study of blindness and visual impairment was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of vision loss and various sight-threatening conditions in the Lower Tugela health district of the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. This study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of 3444 individuals from the district. This number represented 84% of those who were visited and 80.1% of the total sample selected. The participants ranged in age from 5 to 93 years (mean of 29.2 years and a median of 20.0 years). The proportion of men to women differed between participants aged <30 years and those aged >30 years. In both age groups, women represented the majority of participants (66.5%), but the number of women to men in the older age group was approximately twice that found in the group aged less than 30 years. The difference in age between the men and women in the study was not statistically significant (p >0.5). The study revealed that 6.4% of the population studied were visually impaired. The distribution of uncorrected visual acuity was better for women than for men for both OD and OS (p = 0.000 for OD and OS). The main causes of visual impairment were refractive error (44.5%), cataract (31.2%), glaucoma (6.0%), hypertensive retinopathy (4.1%) and diabetic retinopathy (4.1%). Unilateral blindness (OD) was present in 0.78% (95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.42%-1.14%) of participants and unilateral blindness (OS) was present in 1.1% (95% CI: 0.70%-1.50%). Thirty-one participants (0.9%) were bilaterally blind with the main causes being cataracts (54.8%) and refractive error (12.9%). Glaucoma and hypertensive retinopathy were responsible for 6.4% of ..bilateral blindness. Diabetic retinopathy, other retinal conditions (coloboma) and corneal scarring were each responsible for 3.2% of bilateral blindness. Albinism, coloboma and age-related macular degeneration accounted for 9.7% of bilateral blindness. The data provides much needed information to support the planning of eye care programs in KwaZulu-Natal.  (S Afr Optom 2013 72(3) 110-118)

scholarly journals Evaluation of the prevalence of non-diabetic eye disease detected at first screen from a single region diabetic retinopathy screening program: a cross-sectional cohort study in Auckland, New Zealand

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e054225
Author(s):  
Nishanthan Ramachandran ◽  
Ole Schmiedel ◽  
Ehsan Vaghefi ◽  
Sophie Hill ◽  
Graham Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Posterior Capsular Opacification ◽  
Hypertensive Retinopathy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of incidental non-diabetic ocular comorbidities detected at first screen in a large diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening programme.DesignCross-sectional cohort study.SettingSingle large metropolitan diabetic eye screening programme in Auckland, New Zealand.ParticipantsTwenty-two thousand seven hundred and seventy-one participants who attended screening from September 2008 to August 2018.ResultsHypertensive retinopathy (HTR) was observed in 14.2% (3236/22 771) participants. Drusen were present in 14.0% participants under the age of 55 years, increasing to 20.5% in those 55 years and older. The prevalence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was 0.5% in participants aged<55 years, 2.4% in participants aged 55–75 years and 16% in participants aged>75 years. Retinal vein occlusion and retinal arterial embolus were prevalent in 0.7% and 0.02%, respectively, in participants aged<55 years, increasing to 2.2% and 0.4%, respectively, in those >75 years. Cataracts were common being present in 37.1% of participants over the age of 75 years. Only 386 individuals (1.7%) were labelled as glaucoma suspects. Geographic atrophy, epiretinal membrane, choroidal nevi and posterior capsular opacification had an increased prevalence in older individuals.ConclusionsOur data suggest that AMD, HTR and cataracts are routinely detected during DR screening. The incorporation of the detection of these ocular comorbidities during DR screening provide opportunities for patients to modify risk factors (smoking cessation and diet for AMD, blood pressure for HTR) and allow access to cataract surgery.

Eyes

2019 ◽  
pp. 239-260
Author(s):  
Tanya M. Monaghan ◽  
James D. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Retinal Detachment ◽  
Optic Atrophy ◽  
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Hypertensive Retinopathy ◽  
Vein Occlusion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Optic Disc Swelling ◽  
Central Retinal Vein

This chapter concerns ophthalmology, and covers red eye, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, optic disc swelling, glaucoma, optic atrophy, cataracts, central retinal vein occlusion, retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration, and cytomegalovirus retinitis.

scholarly journals Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Diabetic Retinopathy

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Khaled Elmasry ◽  
Samar Habib ◽  
Mohamed Moustafa ◽  
Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Retinal Inflammation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in bone formation and repair. Recent studies underscored their essential role in the normal development of several organs and vascular homeostasis in health and diseases. Elevated levels of BMPs have been linked to the development of cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. However, their particular role in the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is still under-investigated. Accumulated evidence from our and others’ studies suggests the involvement of BMP signaling in retinal inflammation, hyperpermeability and pathological neovascularization in DR and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, targeting BMP signaling in diabetes is proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy to halt the development of microvascular dysfunction in retinal diseases, particularly in DR. The goal of this review article is to discuss the biological functions of BMPs, their underlying mechanisms and their potential role in the pathogenesis of DR in particular.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Carotenoids in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2441
Author(s):  
Drake W. Lem ◽  
Dennis L. Gierhart ◽  
Pinakin Gunvant Davey
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Microvascular Disease ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Dietary Carotenoid

Diabetic retinopathy, which was primarily regarded as a microvascular disease, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. With obesity at epidemic proportions, diabetes-related ocular problems are exponentially increasing in the developed world. Oxidative stress due to hyperglycemic states and its associated inflammation is one of the pathological mechanisms which leads to depletion of endogenous antioxidants in retina in a diabetic patient. This contributes to a cascade of events that finally leads to retinal neurodegeneration and irreversible vision loss. The xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin are known to promote retinal health, improve visual function in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration that has oxidative damage central in its etiopathogenesis. Thus, it can be hypothesized that dietary supplements with xanthophylls that are potent antioxidants may regenerate the compromised antioxidant capacity as a consequence of the diabetic state, therefore ultimately promoting retinal health and visual improvement. We performed a comprehensive literature review of the National Library of Medicine and Web of Science databases, resulting in 341 publications meeting search criteria, of which, 18 were found eligible for inclusion in this review. Lutein and zeaxanthin demonstrated significant protection against capillary cell degeneration and hyperglycemia-induced changes in retinal vasculature. Observational studies indicate that depletion of xanthophyll carotenoids in the macula may represent a novel feature of DR, specifically in patients with type 2 or poorly managed type 1 diabetes. Meanwhile, early interventional trials with dietary carotenoid supplementation show promise in improving their levels in serum and macular pigments concomitant with benefits in visual performance. These findings provide a strong molecular basis and a line of evidence that suggests carotenoid vitamin therapy may offer enhanced neuroprotective effects with therapeutic potential to function as an adjunct nutraceutical strategy for management of diabetic retinopathy.

scholarly journals Posterior segment eye diseases in Ijebu, Southwestern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Tayo Julius Bogunjoko ◽  
Adekunle O. Hassan ◽  
Adunola Ogunro ◽  
Toyin Akanbi ◽  
Bidemi Abudu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Slit Lamp ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Age Related

Background: To review cases of posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) seen at the Eye Foundation Centre Ijebu, Nigeria in a 5 year period for planning purposes.Methods: Data was collected from patients’ case notes from January 2006 to December 2011. A systematic sampling of 468 patients from 1173 case notes of patient with (PSEDs) was done. Information retrieved was: age, sex, state of residence and diagnosis. All patients were examined by the glaucoma and the vitroretinal specialist as the case may be. They had visual acuity, refraction, slit lamp examination (including intraocular pressure (IOP) with Goldman applanation tonometer), and dilated fundoscopy with (bilateral indirect ophthalmoscopy) BIO, slit lamp using 20 D, 78 D and 90 D respectively. The glaucoma patients in addition had central visual field (CVF), Central cornea thickness (CCT), fundus photograph and in some cases optical coherence tomography (OCT) done in addition to the above.Results: The mean age was 59.98 years (SD 17.67) and the age range is 5-95 years. Males outnumbered females by 63% to 37%. The diseases were more common in age group 61 to 80. Patients’ attendances were mostly from Ijebu division of Ogun state (57%). Glaucoma is the commonest cause of attendance 262 (56%) followed by diabetic retinopathy 29 (6.2%) and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) 28 (6.0%).Conclusions: Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and ARMD were noted as the commonest PSEDs in Ijebu division in Southwestern Nigeria.

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