Homelessness and HIV Transmission

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Livingstone ◽  
Daniel B. Herman ◽  
Naomi Adler ◽  
Ezra S. Susser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homeless Persons ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Hiv Aids

Homelessness is associated with both poorer health and higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Recent research suggests that with growing availability of antiretroviral therapy and the expansion of housing alternatives for chronically homeless persons, HIV is no longer a leading cause of death among the homeless. Nonetheless, HIV prevalence is significantly higher among homeless persons than among their housed counterparts. This chapter examines the association between HIV/AIDS and homelessness in the United States. After providing a brief overview of homelessness and the characteristics of specific homeless subpopulations, we discuss HIV prevalence, transmission, treatment and prevention among people who are homeless in the United States.

scholarly journals Prevention of Perinatal HIV Transmission in an Area of High HIV Prevalence in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Wei Li A. Koay ◽  
Jiaqi Zhang ◽  
Krishna V. Manepalli ◽  
Caleb J. Griffith ◽  
Amanda D. Castel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Perinatal Hiv

Prevention of Perinatal HIV Transmission in an Area of High HIV Prevalence in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (Supplement 3) ◽  
pp. S69-S70
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Miller ◽  
Lisa Forbes-Satter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Perinatal Hiv

scholarly journals Advances in the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS among women in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine E. Chen ◽  
Jaimie P. Meyer ◽  
Sandra A. Springer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Hiv Aids

Despite recent advances in testing and treatment, the incidence of HIV/AIDS in the United States has remained stagnant with an estimated 56,300 new infections every year. Women account for an increasing proportion of the epidemic. The vulnerability of women to HIV stems from both increased biologic susceptibility to heterosexual transmission and also the social, economic, and structural disadvantages they often confront. This review describes the main reasons for the increased vulnerability of U.S. women to HIV transmission with particular emphasis on specific high-risk groups including: non-Hispanic blacks, women who use drugs, women with a history of incarceration, and victims of intimate partner violence. Although behavioral approaches to HIV prevention may be effective, pragmatic implementation is often difficult, especially for women who lack sociocultural capital to negotiate condoms with their male partners. Recent advances in HIV prevention show promise in terms of female-initiated interventions. These notably include female condoms, non-specific vaginal microbicides, and antiretroviral oral and vaginal pre-exposure prophylaxis. In this review, we will present evidence in support of these new female-initiated interventions while also emphasizing the importance of advocacy and the political support for these scientific advances to be successful.

scholarly journals Improving the Youth HIV Prevention and Care Continuums: The Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Lee ◽  
Bill G. Kapogiannis ◽  
Susannah Allison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adolescent Medicine ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Youth Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic and clinical information in the United States indicate that HIV transmission and acquisition among adolescents and young adults (youth) remain unchanged, without improvement. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission among youth are critically needed, as are interventions to improve adherence to all components of the continuum of care for youth living with HIV. OBJECTIVE The primary mission of the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN) is to conduct both independent and collaborative research that explores promising behavioral, microbicidal, prophylactic, therapeutic, and vaccine modalities in HIV-infected and at-risk youth aged between 12 and 24. METHODS Through the ATN, the National Institutes of Health is supporting HIV interventional research for youth in the United States. RESULTS The ATN comprises 3 cooperative multiproject research programs and a coordinating center. Each program is led by a network hub and has well-defined research themes to assist, guide, and coordinate HIV research project activities. CONCLUSIONS ATN activities encompass the full spectrum of research needs for youth, from HIV primary prevention for at-risk youth in the community to secondary and tertiary prevention with clinical management of HIV infection among youth living with HIV experiencing adherence challenges. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR DERR1-10.2196/12050

Legal Barriers to Implementing Recommendations for Universal, Routine Prenatal HIV Testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie E. Wolf ◽  
Bernard Lo ◽  
Lawrence O. Gostin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Legal Barriers

Administraation of antiretroviral therapy to women during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and to infants postnatally can dramatidy reduce mother-to- child HIV transmission (MTCT). However, pregnant women need to know that they are HIV-infected to take advantage of antiretroviral therapy, and many women do not know their HIV status. One-half of HIV-infected infants in the United States were bornto women who had not been tested for HIV or for whom the time of testing was not known. Although fewer than 400infants are infected perinatally in the United States each year, that number could be reduced even further through policies aimed at HIV testing during pregnancy.The reasons toadopt such a policy are strong: the pathophysiology of perinatal transmission is clear, prophylaxis is effective and safe, and the intended beneficiaries of the intervention - babies - cannot protect themselves.

scholarly journals Pulmonary and Cardiac Pathology in Covid-19: The First Autopsy Series from New Orleans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon E. Fox ◽  
Aibek Akmatbekov ◽  
Jack L. Harbert ◽  
Guang Li ◽  
J. Quincy Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cardiac Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Autopsy Series

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread across the United States, causing extensive morbidity and mortality, though the histopathologic basis of severe disease cases has yet to be studied in detail. Over the past century, autopsy has contributed significantly to our understanding of numerous disease processes, but for several reasons, autopsy reports following deaths related to SARS- CoV-2 have thus far been limited across the globe. We report on the relevant cardiopulmonary findings in the first series of autopsies in the United States, with the cause of death being due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These cases identify key pathologic states potentially contributing to severe disease and decompensation in these patients.

scholarly journals Heroin Type, Injecting Behavior, and HIV Transmission. A Simulation Model of HIV Incidence and Prevalence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgiy V. Bobashev ◽  
Sarah Mars ◽  
Nicholas Murphy ◽  
Clinton Dreisbach ◽  
William Zule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsUsing mathematical modeling to illustrate and predict how different heroin source-forms: “black tar” (BTH) and powder heroin (PH) can affect HIV transmission in the context of contrasting injecting practices. By quantifying HIV risk by these two heroin source-types we show how each affects the incidence and prevalence of HIV over time. From 1997 to 2010 PH reaching the United States was manufactured overwhelmingly by Colombian suppliers and distributed in the eastern states of the United States. Recently Mexican cartels that supply the western U.S. states have started to produce PH too, replacing Colombian distribution to the east. This raises the possibility that BTH in the western U.S. may be replaced by PH in the future.DesignWe used an agent-based model to evaluate the impact of use of different heroin formulations in high- and low-risk injecting drug user populations who use different types of syringes (high vs. low dead space) and injecting practices. We obtained model parameters from peer-reviewed publications and ethnographic research.ResultsHeating of BTH, additional syringe rinsing, and subcutaneous injection can substantially decrease the risk of HIV transmission. Simulation analysis shows that HIV transmission risk may be strongly affected by the type of heroin used. We reproduced historic differences in HIV prevalence and incidence. The protective effect of BTH is much stronger in high-risk compared with low-risk populations. Simulation of future outbreaks show that when PH replaces BTH we expect a long-term overall increase in HIV prevalence. In a population of injectors with mixed low- and high-risk clusters we find that local HIV outbreaks can occur even when the overall prevalence and incidence are low. The results are dependent on evidence-supported assumptions.ConclusionsThe results support harm-reduction measures focused on a reduction in syringe sharing and promoting protective measures of syringe rinsing and drug solution heating.

Public-Private Partnerships in Global Health

2018 ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
Erin Papworth ◽  
Whitney Ewing ◽  
Ashley Grosso
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Emergency Plan ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Hiv Aids

In global health in general and the field of HIV/AIDS in particular, market failures have occurred because those most affected by diseases are often the least able to pay for treatment and prevention. Public private partnerships (PPPs), such as those developed through the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, have been created to address this problem. One limitation of PPPs is their broad definition and thus, the inability to measure and compare outcomes across partnership types. Nevertheless, appropriately planned, well-measured and mutually beneficial PPPs have shown important results in both the betterment of health sector delivery and the fight against single diseases, such as HIV/AIDS globally.

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