Nerve and muscle

2011 ◽  
pp. 211-266
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Neuromuscular Transmission ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Somatic Nervous System ◽  
P Cells

Overview Cells of the nervous system 212 The peripheral nervous system: somatic nervous system 216 The peripheral nervous system: autonomic nervous system 218 Nerve conduction Resting membrane potential 220 The action potential 222 Anaesthesia 224 Synaptic transmission Neuromuscular transmission 228 Neuromuscular transmission: drug intervention 230...

Control of noradrenergic differentiation and Phox2a expression by MASH1 in the central and peripheral nervous system

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Hirsch ◽  
M.C. Tiveron ◽  
F. Guillemot ◽  
J.F. Brunet ◽  
C. Goridis
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Circuits ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase ◽  
Targeted Mutation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Noradrenergic Differentiation

Mash1, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila proneural genes of the achaete-scute complex, is transiently expressed throughout the developing peripheral autonomic nervous system and in subsets of cells in the neural tube. In the mouse, targeted mutation of Mash1 has revealed a role in the development of parts of the autonomic nervous system and of olfactory neurons, but no discernible phenotype in the brain has been reported. Here, we show that the adrenergic and noradrenergic centres of the brain are missing in Mash1 mutant embryos, whereas most other brainstem nuclei are preserved. Indeed, the present data together with the previous results show that, except in cranial sensory ganglia, Mash1 function is essential for the development of all central and peripheral neurons that express noradrenergic traits transiently or permanently. In particular, we show that, in the absence of MASH1, these neurons fail to initiate expression of the noradrenaline biosynthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. We had previously shown that all these neurons normally express the homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a, a positive regulator of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene and that a subset of them depend on it for their survival. We now report that expression of Phox2a is abolished or massively altered in the Mash1−/− mutants, both in the noradrenergic centres of the brain and in peripheral autonomic ganglia. These results suggest that MASH1 controls noradrenergic differentiation at least in part by controlling expression of Phox2a and point to fundamental homologies in the genetic circuits that determine the noradrenergic phenotype in the central and peripheral nervous system.

Peripheral Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
System P ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Chapter 6 discusses how to draw the peripheral nervous system, specifically the autonomic nervous system, including autonomic fiber arrangements, the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, the urinary system, and the cardiac reflex.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of development of cardiovascular diseases in age-related disorders of the nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
V N Shvalev ◽  
V P Reutov ◽  
V B Sergienko ◽  
A N Rogoza ◽  
V P Masenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Prospects for the development of the nervism doctrine in Kazan are related to the continuation of the main scientific fields specific to Kazan medical schools - studying phylo-ontogenesis of the nervous system and the importance of its violations in the development of main diseases using the latest methods. The age-related transformations of the human cardiovascular system innervation in the pre- and postnatal ontogenesis in normal conditions and in major cardiovascular diseases are under study. It was found that the relationship between the human brain and heart during the first 30-40 years of life are characterized by optimally high activity, but then, along with age-related changes in the neurons of the central nervous system there is a decrease in activity of the somatic part of the peripheral nervous system. As morphofunctional studies showed, it is partially related to a decrease in the content of neurotransmitters in the sympathetic plexus of the heart and blood vessels. A concept on the mediator stage of the autonomic nervous system ontogenesis is formulating, it was revealed that the fetal period, along with the differentiation of the central nervous system, is characterized by the beginning of mediator stage of the autonomic nervous system, the phenomenon of early involution of its sympathetic part in normal conditions and in different types of cardiovascular pathology is described. Neurohistochemical data are compared with the results of heart rate variability in healthy individuals and in hypertensive disease. The original data on the nitric oxide synthase content in cardiac nervous system in healthy individuals and in ischemic heart disease are given, the prospects of immunocytochemistry studies of central and peripheral nervous system in age aspect and in major cardiovascular diseases are outlined.

A Study On Assessment Of Autonomic Nervous System Function In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 699-702
Author(s):  
Sharath shanmugam ◽  
Oshin mantro ◽  
Jagadeesan M ◽  
Mariraj I ◽  
Prasanna Karthik S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Nerve Conduction Study ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates the entire neuraxis and influences the functions of all organs. This study was undertaken for evaluating the autonomic dysfunction in diabetic patients using clinical autonomic tests and neuro- electrophysiology. A prospective study was carried out in 66 patients with type II diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital for one year. Systemic examination, necessary investigations, nerve conduction study and clinical testing for the autonomic nervous system were done. The results were noted and analyzed. 65.2% were females, whereas 34.8% were males. Mean duration of diabetes was found to be 9.06 years (SD 4.121). 80.3% population was known to have type 2 diabetes for 5-10 years duration, 13.6% had diabetes for 10-15 years, and only 3.5% had diabetes for more than 15 years. Mean FBS was found to be 196.12(mg/dl) ±77.180 SD and mean PPBS was 303.26(mg/dl) ± 115.385 SD. Mean HbA1c levels were 10.95 ± 2.36 SD. 33.3% showed early parasympathetic involvement for cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 9% had definite parasympathetic involvement, and only 6% had both parasympathetic and sympathetic involvement. 62.12% showed abnormal responses in nerve conduction study, of which 48.78% had autonomic dysfunction. The main factor responsible for the development and progression of autonomic dysfunction is poor glycaemic status. If contributing factors can be detected, early identification of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and appropriate management would halt its progression. Aggressive glycaemic monitoring and treatment shall bring down the progression and prolong the time interval in showing abnormal responses in autonomic function testing.

To the study of the role of the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis of peripheral nervous diseases

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 359-366
Author(s):  
I. I. Rusetsky
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Pathogenic Agent ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
System A ◽  
Regular Change

Various etiological factors infection, trauma, exposure to cold cause diseases of the peripheral nervous system. A pathogenic agent, acting on a particular site, activates a certain mechanism that passes through certain phases and creates a disease syndrome. Is there a local specificity of this mechanism, uniformity in the reactions arising under the influence of various stimuli, is the nature of the reactions determined mainly by the place that is influenced by the harmful agent, or does the kind and type of stimulation produced play a special role? What are the most initial phenomena, the so-called "preclinical" signs, followed by a regular change in the periods of the process? A number of questions arise in the study of the pathogenesis of peripheral nervous diseases.

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