Therapy-related issues: infections

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Wiffen ◽  
Marc Mitchell ◽  
Melanie Snelling ◽  
Nicola Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Prescribing ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Micro Organisms

Basic microbiology 412Modes of action of antibacterials 416Selection and use of antimicrobials 418Antimicrobial prophylaxis 428Optimizing antimicrobial use 430Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines 432Antimicrobial resistance 436Infection control 440Micro-organisms are classified in many ways. The most important classifications are as follows. ...

Perception, Attitude, and Knowledge Regarding Antimicrobial Resistance, Appropriate Antimicrobial Use, and Infection Control Among Future Medical Practitioners: A Multicenter Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuttagarn Chuenchom ◽  
Visanu Thamlikitkul ◽  
Romanee Chaiwarith ◽  
Rawisut Deoisares ◽  
Pinyo Rattanaumpawan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Multicenter Study ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Stewardship Program ◽  
Appropriate Antimicrobial Use

A questionnaire-based study was conducted among final-year Thai medical students. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is well recognized, but their knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, appropriate antimicrobial use, and infection control was substantially limited. Only half of these students recognized existence of an antimicrobial stewardship program or infection control unit in their hospitals.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:603–605

Therapy-related issues: infections

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Wiffen ◽  
Marc Mitchell ◽  
Melanie Snelling ◽  
Nicola Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Key Aspects

This chapter outlines information relevant to pharmacists and other healthcare professionals related to microbiology and infectious diseases. Basic microbiology is covered including modes of action of antibacterials and the selection and use of antimicrobials. Key aspects of antimicrobial stewardship (including resistance, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and writing guidelines) and of infection control are covered. The chapter includes an extensive review of the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and a discussion of key principles in the treatment of tuberculosis.

scholarly journals One Health—Its Importance in Helping to Better Control Antimicrobial Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Collignon ◽  
Scott McEwen
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
One Health ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Better Regulation

Approaching any issue from a One Health perspective necessitates looking at the interactions of people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and our environment. For antimicrobial resistance this includes antimicrobial use (and abuse) in the human, animal and environmental sectors. More importantly, the spread of resistant bacteria and resistance determinants within and between these sectors and globally must be addressed. Better managing this problem includes taking steps to preserve the continued effectiveness of existing antimicrobials such as trying to eliminate their inappropriate use, particularly where they are used in high volumes. Examples are the mass medication of animals with critically important antimicrobials for humans, such as third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, and the long term, in-feed use of antimicrobials, such colistin, tetracyclines and macrolides, for growth promotion. In people it is essential to better prevent infections, reduce over-prescribing and over-use of antimicrobials and stop resistant bacteria from spreading by improving hygiene and infection control, drinking water and sanitation. Pollution from inadequate treatment of industrial, residential and farm waste is expanding the resistome in the environment. Numerous countries and several international agencies have now included a One Health Approach within their action plans to address antimicrobial resistance. Necessary actions include improvements in antimicrobial use, better regulation and policy, as well as improved surveillance, stewardship, infection control, sanitation, animal husbandry, and finding alternatives to antimicrobials.

scholarly journals 1306. Antimicrobial Resistance Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Among Medical Students in Southern India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S399-S399
Author(s):  
Olivia Menden ◽  
Sumathi Prabhu ◽  
Veena Shetty ◽  
Chaithra Pandith ◽  
Shobha Giri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
World Health ◽  
Attitude Score ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Antimicrobial Prescribing ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health problem in India. The World Health Organization recognizes that the education of medical students on antimicrobial stewardship plays a critical role in the efforts to combat AMR, but data related to knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding AMR is limited in India. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in July-August 2017. Medical students at K.S. Hegde Medical Academy in Mangalore, India were surveyed with an anonymous questionnaire using a convenience sampling method involving second year, third year, fourth year, and intern students (n = 347). Data about demographics, sources of information, and antimicrobial training were collected. In addition, AMR knowledge and attitude scores were calculated. A Mann–Whitney U test was used to determine factors that were associated with significant differences in knowledge scores and attitude scores. The primary outcome measure of this study was to determine positive predictors of increased confidence in prescribing antimicrobials in the future using multivariate analysis. Results A total of 347 surveys were analyzed (response rate of 98.9%). The mean total knowledge score was 11.47 out to 31 with a standard deviation (SD) of 3.39, and the mean attitude score was 5.99 out of 16 (SD = 4.207). While 13.2% of students were “very familiar” or “familiar” with the term “Antimicrobial Stewardship,” and 88.2% of students said they would like more antimicrobial education in medical school. On multivariate analysis, female gender (OR 2.51, 95% CI (1.51, 4.18)), clinical vignette antimicrobial knowledge scores (OR 1.26, 95% CI (1.05, 1.51)), positive attitude scores (OR 0.94, 95% CI (0.88, 0.995)), awareness of Infection Control Policy (OR 1.87, 95% CI (1.09, 3.22)), and > 3 years of antimicrobial prescribing clinical training (OR 2.48, 95% CI (1.29, 4.75)) were predictors of confidence in antimicrobial prescribing. Conclusion This study identifies several possible interventions for improving confidence such as increased clinical knowledge through clinical experience, increased awareness of infection control policies and antimicrobial guidelines, and empowering students to be antimicrobial stewards to combat AMR. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Using hospital network-based surveillance for antimicrobial resistance as a more robust alternative to self-reporting

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjibbe Donker ◽  
Timo Smieszek ◽  
Katherine L. Henderson ◽  
Timothy M. Walker ◽  
Russell Hope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Hospital Performance ◽  
Hospital Episode Statistics ◽  
Reporting Scheme ◽  
Hospital Episode ◽  
Robust Estimates ◽  
Micro Organisms

AbstractHospital performance is often measured using self-reported statistics, such as the incidence of hospital-transmitted micro-organisms or those exhibiting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), encouraging hospitals with high levels to improve their performance. However, hospitals that increase screening efforts will appear to have a higher incidence and perform poorly, undermining comparison between hospitals and disincentivising testing, thus hampering infection control. We propose a surveillance system in which hospitals test patients previously discharged from other hospitals and report observed cases. Using NHS Hospital Episode Statistics data, we analysed patient movements across England and assessed the number of hospitals required to participate in such a reporting scheme to deliver robust estimates of incidence. With over 1.2 million admissions to English hospitals previously discharged from other hospitals annually, even when only a fraction of hospitals (41/155) participate (each screening at least 1000 of these admissions), the proposed surveillance system can estimate incidence across all hospitals. By reporting on other hospitals, the reporting of incidence is separated from the task of improving own performance. Therefore the incentives for increasing performance can be aligned to increase (rather than decrease) screening efforts, thus delivering both more comparable figures on the AMR problems across hospitals and improving infection control efforts.

Otitis Media—Principles of Judicious Use of Antimicrobial Agents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott F. Dowell ◽  
S. Michael Marcy ◽  
William R. Phillips ◽  
Michael A. Gerber ◽  
Benjamin Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Use

Otitis media is the leading indication for outpatient antimicrobial use in the United States. Overdiagnosis of and unnecessary prescribing for this condition has contributed to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. A critical step in reducing unnecessary prescribing is to identify the subset of patients who are unlikely to benefit from antibiotics. Conscientiously distinguishing acute otitis media (AOM) from otitis media with effusion (OME), and deferring antibiotics for OME will accomplish this goal, and will avoid up to 8 million unnecessary courses of antibiotics annually. Criteria for defining these conditions are presented, as well as the evidence supporting deferring antibiotic treatment. Discussions of shortened courses of antibiotics for AOM and restricted indications for antimicrobial prophylaxis are also presented.

scholarly journals Trends and correlates of antimicrobial use in broiler and turkey farms: a poultry company registry-based study in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 2784-2787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Caucci ◽  
Guido Di Martino ◽  
Alessandro Dalla Costa ◽  
Manuel Santagiuliana ◽  
Monica Lorenzetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Structural Interventions ◽  
Antimicrobial Prescribing ◽  
Prescribing Behaviour ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Abstract Background Antimicrobial usage (AMU) in livestock plays a key role in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Analysis of AMU data in livestock is therefore relevant for both animal and public health. Objectives To assess AMU in 470 broiler and 252 turkey farms of one of Italy’s largest poultry companies, accounting for around 30% of national poultry production, to identify trends and risk factors for AMU. Methods Antimicrobial treatments administered to 5827 broiler and 1264 turkey grow-out cycles in 2015–17 were expressed as DDDs for animals per population correction unit (DDDvet/PCU). A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the effect of geographical area, season and prescribing veterinarian on AMU. Management and structural interventions implemented by the company were also assessed. Results AMU showed a 71% reduction in broilers (from 14 to 4 DDDvet/PCU) and a 56% reduction in turkeys (from 41 to 18 DDDvet/PCU) during the study period. Quinolones, macrolides and polymyxins decreased from 33% to 6% of total AMU in broilers, and from 56% to 32% in turkeys. Broiler cycles during spring and winter showed significantly higher AMU, as well as those in densely populated poultry areas. Different antimicrobial prescribing behaviour was identified among veterinarians. Conclusions This study evidenced a decreasing trend in AMU and identified several correlates of AMU in broilers and turkeys. These factors will inform the design of interventions to further reduce AMU and therefore counteract antimicrobial resistance in these poultry sectors.

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