Trends and correlates of antimicrobial use in broiler and turkey farms: a poultry company registry-based study in Italy

Abstract Background Antimicrobial usage (AMU) in livestock plays a key role in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Analysis of AMU data in livestock is therefore relevant for both animal and public health. Objectives To assess AMU in 470 broiler and 252 turkey farms of one of Italy’s largest poultry companies, accounting for around 30% of national poultry production, to identify trends and risk factors for AMU. Methods Antimicrobial treatments administered to 5827 broiler and 1264 turkey grow-out cycles in 2015–17 were expressed as DDDs for animals per population correction unit (DDDvet/PCU). A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the effect of geographical area, season and prescribing veterinarian on AMU. Management and structural interventions implemented by the company were also assessed. Results AMU showed a 71% reduction in broilers (from 14 to 4 DDDvet/PCU) and a 56% reduction in turkeys (from 41 to 18 DDDvet/PCU) during the study period. Quinolones, macrolides and polymyxins decreased from 33% to 6% of total AMU in broilers, and from 56% to 32% in turkeys. Broiler cycles during spring and winter showed significantly higher AMU, as well as those in densely populated poultry areas. Different antimicrobial prescribing behaviour was identified among veterinarians. Conclusions This study evidenced a decreasing trend in AMU and identified several correlates of AMU in broilers and turkeys. These factors will inform the design of interventions to further reduce AMU and therefore counteract antimicrobial resistance in these poultry sectors.

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Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8060111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Md. Abul Kalam ◽

Md. Abdul Alim ◽

Shahanaj Shano ◽

Md. Raihan Khan Nayem ◽

Md. Rahim Badsha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Rank Order ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

12Th Grade ◽

Study Results ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽

Drug Sellers

Poultry production has boomed in Bangladesh in recent years. The poultry sector has contributed significantly to meet the increased demand for animal source proteins in the country. However, increased use of antimicrobials and antibiotics appeared to be a significant threat to food safety in the poultry sector. The poultry drug and feed sellers are at the frontline position involving selecting and delivering the antimicrobials to the poultry farmers. Studies assessing the poultry drug and feed sellers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) are limited. The current study aimed to assess the community poultry drug and feed sellers’ KAPs of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in some selected areas of Bangladesh. We determined the respondents’ (drug and the feed sellers) KAPs of AMU and AMR using a tested and paper-based questionnaire. The study demonstrated that most respondents have insufficient knowledge, less positive attitudes, and inappropriate practices regarding AMU and AMR. The factor score analysis further showed that the type of respondents and their years of experience, level of education, and training on the drug were the significant factors impacting the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices of AMU and AMR. The adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that the drug sellers who completed their education up to 12th grade and had training on the drug had adequate knowledge of AMU and AMR. The data also showed that the drug sellers belong to the age group 31–35 and 36–40 years and who completed 12th grade had good attitudes on the same. Likewise, the analysis further determined that drug sellers belonging the age category 18–25 and 26–30 years, and interestingly, the respondents who completed education up to 12th grade, had better practices. Spearman’s rank-order correlation revealed a positive association between each pair of the KAPs scores for the respondents. The correlation was fair between knowledge–attitudes, knowledge–practices, and attitudes–practices. Based on the current study results, we recommend educational interventions and appropriate training for the poultry drug and feed sellers to raise awareness and to upgrade their current knowledge on the appropriate use of antimicrobials. This will ultimately lead to reducing the chances of developing AMR in the poultry sectors of the country.

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from Raw Retail Broiler Chickens in Zambia

10.21203/rs.2.14062/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Muligisa Muonga ◽

Geoffrey Mainda ◽

Mercy Mukuma ◽

Geoffrey Kwenda ◽

Bernard Hang'ombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Target Genes ◽

Health Concern ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Open Markets

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens is of public health concern, especially in developing countries like Zambia. This study was undertaken to determine the resistance profiles of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Salmonella isolated from dressed broiler chickens purchased from open markets and supermarkets in Zambia.Results A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were isolated. Identification and confirmation of the isolates was done using Analytical Profile Index (API 20E) (Biomerieux ® ) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique using a panel of 10 different antibiotics and multiplex PCR was used to determine the presence of three target genes encoding for resistance: tetA, Sul1 and CTXM. AST results were entered and analyzed in WHONET 2018 software. A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were identified. Among the E. coli isolates, Tetracycline recorded the highest resistance of 79.4%, followed by Ampicillin 51.9%, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 49.7%, Nalidixic Acid 24.3%, Chloramphenicol 16.4%, Cefotaxime 16.4%, Ciprofloxacin 10.1%, Colistin 7.4%, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 6.9%, and Imipenem 1.1%. Two of the five Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Forty- seven (45.2%) of the isolates possessed at least one of the targeted resistance genes.Conclusion This study has demonstrated the presence of AMR E. coli and Salmonella on raw broiler chickens from both open markets and supermarkets. Such resistance is of public health concern and measures need to be put in place to regulate the use of these antimicrobials in poultry production.

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Measuring Appropriate Antimicrobial Use: Attempts at Opening the Black Box

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciw658 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 63 (12) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Emily S. Spivak ◽

Sara E. Cosgrove ◽

Arjun Srinivasan

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Black Box ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Reference Standard ◽

Consensus Definition ◽

Antimicrobial Prescribing ◽

Life Saving ◽

Public Health Officials ◽

Appropriate Antimicrobial Use

Abstract Indiscriminate antimicrobial use has plagued medicine since antibiotics were first introduced into clinical practice >70 years ago. Infectious diseases physicians and public health officials have advocated for preservation of these life-saving drugs for many years. With rising burden of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and Clostridium difficile infections, halting unnecessary antimicrobial use has become one of the largest public health concerns of our time. Inappropriate antimicrobial use has been quantified in various settings using numerous definitions; however, no established reference standard exists. With mounting national efforts to improve antimicrobial use, a consensus definition and standard method of measuring appropriate antimicrobial use is imperative. We review existing literature on systematic approaches to define and measure appropriate antimicrobial use, and describe a collaborative effort at developing standardized audit tools for assessing the quality of antimicrobial prescribing.

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Overview of Evidence of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9020049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Houda Bennani ◽

Ana Mateus ◽

Nicholas Mays ◽

Elizabeth Eastmure ◽

Katharina D. C. Stärk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Global Health ◽

Food Chain ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Food Supply Chain ◽

Published Evidence ◽

Global Health Problem

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem. Bacteria carrying resistance genes can be transmitted between humans, animals and the environment. There are concerns that the widespread use of antimicrobials in the food chain constitutes an important source of AMR in humans, but the extent of this transmission is not well understood. The aim of this review is to examine published evidence on the links between antimicrobial use (AMU) in the food chain and AMR in people and animals. The evidence showed a link between AMU in animals and the occurrence of resistance in these animals. However, evidence of the benefits of a reduction in AMU in animals on the prevalence of resistant bacteria in humans is scarce. The presence of resistant bacteria is documented in the human food supply chain, which presents a potential exposure route and risk to public health. Microbial genome sequencing has enabled the establishment of some links between the presence of resistant bacteria in humans and animals but, for some antimicrobials, no link could be established. Research and monitoring of AMU and AMR in an integrated manner is essential for a better understanding of the biology and the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance.

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Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella from Commercial Broiler Farms in Two Important Poultry-Producing Regions of Colombia

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-458 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 874-883 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

P. DONADO-GODOY ◽

I. GARDNER ◽

B. A. BYRNE ◽

M. LEON ◽

E. PEREZ-GUTIERREZ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Health Concern ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

Paratyphi B ◽

Salmonella Heidelberg

Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens associated with diarrheal disease in humans. Food animals, especially poultry, are important direct and indirect sources of human salmonellosis, and antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem of public health concern. The use of antimicrobials benefits producers but contributes to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. As a step toward implementing the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, this study was conducted to establish the prevalence, distribution of serovars, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and risk factors for Salmonella on poultry farms in the two largest states of poultry production in Colombia. Salmonella was isolated from 41% of farms and 65% of the 315 chicken houses sampled. Salmonella Paratyphi B variant Java was the most prevalent serovar (76%), followed by Salmonella Heidelberg (23%). All Salmonella isolates were resistant to 2 to 15 of the antimicrobial drugs tested in this study. For Salmonella Paratyphi B variant Java, 34 drug resistance patterns were present. The predominant resistance pattern was ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftiofur, streptomycin, enrofloxacin, and nalidixic acid; this pattern was detected in 15% of isolates. The resistance pattern of tetracycline, ceftiofur, and nalidixic acid was found in over 40% of the isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg. Of the biosecurity practices considered, two factors were significantly associated with reduction in Salmonella: cleaning of fixed equipment and composting of dead birds on the farm. Findings from the present study provide scientific evidence to inform implementation of official policies that support new biosecurity legislation in an effort to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella on Colombian poultry farms.

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A Multidisciplinary Hospital-based Antimicrobial Use Program: Impact on Hospital Pharmacy Expenditures and Drug Use

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1996/685704 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 104-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Suzette Salama ◽

Coleman Rotstein ◽

Lionel Mandell

Keyword(s):

Quality Assurance ◽

Hospital Pharmacy ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Canadian Hospital ◽

Drug Budget ◽

Program Impact ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Antimicrobial Prescribing ◽

Prescribing Behaviour

The authors’ hospital embarked on a three-component, multidisciplinary, hospital-based antimicrobial use program to cut costs and reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use. Initially, antimicrobial use patterns and costs were monitored for 12 months. For the next two years, an antimicrobial use program was implemented consisting of three strategies: automatic therapeutic interchanges; antimicrobial restriction policies; and parenteral to oral conversion. The program resulted in a reduction in the antimicrobial portion of the total pharmacy drug budget from 41.6% to 28.2%. Simultaneously, the average cost per dose per patient day dropped from $11.88 in 1991 to $10.16 in 1994. Overall, mean monthly acquisition cost savings rose from $6,810 in 1992 to $27,590 in 1994. This study demonstrates that a multidisciplinary antimicrobial use program in a Canadian hospital can effect dramatic cost savings and serve as a quality assurance activity of physician antimicrobial prescribing behaviour.

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Therapy-related issues: infections

10.1093/med/9780199603640.003.0020 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Philip Wiffen ◽

Marc Mitchell ◽

Melanie Snelling ◽

Nicola Stoner

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Infection Control ◽

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Antimicrobial Prescribing ◽

Modes Of Action ◽

Micro Organisms

Basic microbiology 412Modes of action of antibacterials 416Selection and use of antimicrobials 418Antimicrobial prophylaxis 428Optimizing antimicrobial use 430Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines 432Antimicrobial resistance 436Infection control 440Micro-organisms are classified in many ways. The most important classifications are as follows. ...

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920. Use of the Web by State and Territorial Health Departments to Promote the Dissemination of State Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data, United States

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S494-S495

Author(s):

Xin Yin ◽

Keith W Hamilton ◽

Heather Tate ◽

Nkuchia M M’ikanatha

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

United States ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Health Professionals ◽

One Health ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Web Survey ◽

Related Information ◽

Appropriate Antimicrobial Use ◽

The Web

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria pose a serious threat to public health. The national response to this threat includes calls for promoting judicious use of antibiotics in humans and animals and strengthening integrated One Health surveillance of AMR bacteria in humans, animals, and environment. However, the extent to which public health jurisdictions are disseminating surveillance findings to promote judicious use of antimicrobials is unclear. Methods We used a standardized web audit tool to manually review and document the presence of AMR-related information on the websites of all public health jurisdictions that participate in national notifiable disease surveillance in the United States. We also emailed a survey to representatives in the 54 jurisdictions that participate in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) activities coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The survey asked questions about AMR-related information on their public health department website. Results Of the 37 (68.5%) jurisdictions that responded to the email survey, 26 (70.3%) indicated that their websites have information on appropriate antibiotic use for health professionals, veterinarians and general public, compared to 89.3% from the web survey (Figure). Eleven (29.7%) indicated that they have data on antimicrobial susceptibility for pathogens, or antibiograms, on their websites, compared to 48.2% from the web survey. While 11 (29.7%) jurisdictions indicated that they have highlighted appropriate antimicrobial use on the homepage, the web survey found no reference on the homepage. Comparison of results from email and web survey on public health jurisdictions’ website, United States - 2020 Conclusion Public health jurisdictions have begun to use websites to increase awareness about the threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, the limited presence of information on appropriate antimicrobial use for the public, health professionals and veterinarians suggest the need for improvement. Gaps exist between the awareness of the epidemiologists and laboratorians and the information reported on public health jurisdictions’ websites. Websites can be expanded and better leveraged to increase visibility of AMR and appropriate antimicrobial prescribing across One Health domains. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: standpoint and prescribing behaviour of Italian cattle and pig veterinarians

Italian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1080/1828051x.2020.1807419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 905-916 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Pozza ◽

A. Pinto ◽

S. Crovato ◽

G. Mascarello ◽

L. Bano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Prescribing Behaviour

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Odgovornost in ukrepi zdravstvenih inštitucij v boju proti odpornim mikrobom

10.18690/978-961-286-478-1.16 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 269-280

Author(s):

Lea Knez ◽

◽

Jelka Reberšek Gorišek ◽

Nina Gorišek Miksić ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Hand Hygiene ◽

Human Health ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Antimicrobial Treatments

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the significant threats to human health. To maintain the benefits of modern medicine, which hardly relies on antimicrobial treatments, all the stakeholders have to work together towards containing antimicrobial resistance. There are three fundamental strategies to tackle antimicrobial resistance: prudent and supervised antimicrobial use, improved hand hygiene, and improved cleaning of the patient environment.

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