Cancer chemoprevention

2016 ◽  
pp. 262-266
Author(s):  
Katja Zirlik ◽  
Nadir Arber ◽  
Dirk Schrijvers
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Chemoprevention ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Reductase Inhibitors ◽  
Cancer Occurrence ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Prostate Cancers

Cancer prevention certainly would be the best approach to cancer. Interventions should be effective, with minimal side effects, convenient, and inexpensive. Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the pharmacologic intervention with the process of carcinogenesis to prevent the development of overt malignant neoplasms in healthy individuals with elevated cancer risk. The present list of candidate cancer types for active chemoprevention is still short and includes SERMs (tamoxifen, raloxifene) and an aromatase-inhibitor (exemestane) for chemoprevention of breast cancers, showing significant reduction of cancer occurrence. The same holds true for reduction of the development of invasive cancers by aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX2-inhibitors in selected populations with increased colorectal cancer risk. There is also reduction of prostate cancers by long-term application of 5-alfa-reductase-inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride) in selected high-risk populations. Many other potentially active anti-neoplastic compounds have been tested but do not meet all the criteria of efficiency, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness.

Cancer chemoprevention

2016 ◽  
pp. 262-266
Author(s):  
Hans-Joerg Senn ◽  
Nadir Arber ◽  
Dirk Schrijvers
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Chemoprevention ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Reductase Inhibitors ◽  
Cancer Occurrence ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Prostate Cancers

Cancer prevention certainly would be the best approach to cancer. Interventions should be effective, with minimal side effects, convenient, and inexpensive. Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the pharmacologic intervention with the process of carcinogenesis to prevent the development of overt malignant neoplasms in healthy individuals with elevated cancer risk. The present list of candidate cancer types for active chemoprevention is still short and includes SERMs (tamoxifen, raloxifene) and an aromatase-inhibitor (exemestane) for chemoprevention of breast cancers, showing significant reduction of cancer occurrence. The same holds true for reduction of the development of invasive cancers by aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX2-inhibitors in selected populations with increased colorectal cancer risk. There is also reduction of prostate cancers by long-term application of 5-alfa-reductase-inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride) in selected high-risk populations. Many other potentially active anti-neoplastic compounds have been tested but do not meet all the criteria of efficiency, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness.

Stress resilience and cancer risk: a nationwide cohort study

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 947-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Kennedy ◽  
Fang Fang ◽  
Unnur Valdimarsdóttir ◽  
Ruzan Udumyan ◽  
Scott Montgomery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Stress Resilience ◽  
Social Patterns ◽  
Adolescent Stress ◽  
Cancer Occurrence ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Cancer Types

BackgroundStress resilience is recognised as a determinant of both psychiatric and somatic health, but the potential link between stress resilience and cancer development has not been explored.MethodsIn this nationwide cohort study, we examined the association between stress resilience in adolescence and subsequent cancer risk. We identified a cohort of 284 257 Swedish men, born 1952–1956, who underwent compulsory military enlistment examinations including measures of psychological stress resilience (median age 18 years). The resulting score was categorised as low, moderate and high stress resilience. Individuals diagnosed with cancer during the follow-up time were identified through data linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register.ResultsLowest stress resilience, compared with the highest, was associated with increased risks of liver (HR: 4.73, 95% CI 2.73 to 8.19) and lung (HR: 2.75, 95% CI 2.02 to 3.74) cancer after adjusting for markers of socioeconomic circumstances in childhood (p for trend <0.001 for both cancer types). Further adjustment for cognitive and physical fitness at conscription assessment had a marginal influence. In contrast, men with low stress resilience had a decreased risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer (HR: 0.65, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.76) and malignant melanoma (HR: 0.65, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.76).ConclusionWe conclude that adolescent stress resilience, plausibly by influencing behavioural choices and social patterns, constitutes an important determinant of adult cancer occurrence. Increased awareness of long-term consequences in susceptible individuals may help direct future efforts to reduce cancer burden in adults.

Association of breast cancer in men with exposure to 5-α reductase inhibitors: A RADAR report.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2532-2532
Author(s):  
Steven M Belknap ◽  
Victoria Godinez-Puig ◽  
Robert E Brannigan ◽  
Simon M Lin ◽  
John Cashy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Reductase Inhibitors ◽  
Breast Neoplasia ◽  
Urinary Tract Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

2532 Background: Breast cancers in men (BCM) account for <1% of all breast cancers. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibits proliferation of normal and neoplastic mammary tissue and constrains the effect of estrogens. Finasteride (F) and dutasteride (D) are 5-α reductase inhibitors (5-αRIs) that reduce systemic and local dihydrotestosterone and cause gynecomastia in 1–3% of men. The package inserts for F and D state, “the relationship between long-term use of (finasteride/dutasteride) and male breast neoplasia is currently unknown.” F and D are marketed for treatment of symptomatic benign-prostatic hyperplasia. F is marketed for treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Methods: To detect disproportionality in the FDA MedWatch dataset, we calculated the empiric Bayes geometric mean (EBGM) for association of BCM with F or D. We also calculated the attributable risk of BCM exposed to F or D among men at an urban academic hospital (Northwestern Memorial Hospital) and at a rural healthcare system (Marshfield Clinic). Results: In the MedWatch dataset, we identified 33 reports of F-associated BCM and 5 reports of D-associated BCM. For F–associated BCM, the EBGM was 58.95 (95% CI 24.47-81.76; p=0.0001). For D-associated BCM, the EBGM was 15.79 (95% CI 4.57-35.49; p=0.0001). The mean age for BCM after 5-αRI exposure was 70±11 years; 11/38 (29%) had gynecomastia. There were 38 cases of BCM associated with 5-αRI in the combined Northwestern and Marshfield cohort (see table below). Conclusions: We found a highly significant association between BCM and 5-αRI exposure in each of 6 separate analyses (3 sources X 2 drugs), with an estimated 1 extra BCM per 564 men exposed to 5-αRIs. We now plan to assess BRCA status and other risk factors. Given that 5-αRIs are marketed for control of lower urinary tract symptoms or for cosmetic purposes, it is not immediately obvious that use of finasteride or dutasteride for their labeled indications would provide any net benefit. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals A Proposal to Unify the Classification of Breast and Prostate Cancers Based on the Anatomic Site of Cancer Origin and on Long-term Patient Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. BCBCR.S13833 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Tabár ◽  
Peter B. Dean ◽  
Amy M.-F. Yen ◽  
Miklós Tarján ◽  
Sherry Y.-H. Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Patient Outcome ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Adenocarcinoma Of The Prostate ◽  
Prostate Cancers

The similarity between the structure and function of the breast and prostate has been known for a long time, but there are serious discrepancies in the terminology describing breast and prostate cancers. The use of the large, thick-section (3D) histology technique for both organs exposes the irrationality of the breast cancer terminology. Pathologists with expertise in diagnosing prostate cancer take the anatomic site of cancer origin into account when using the terms AAP (acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate) and DAP (ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate) to distinguish between the prostate cancers originating primarily from the fluid-producing acinar portion of the organ (AAP) and the tumors originating either purely from the larger ducts (DAP) or from both the acini and the main ducts combined (DAP and AAP). Long-term patient outcome is closely correlated with the terminology, because patients with DAP have a significantly poorer prognosis than patients with AAP. The current breast cancer terminology could be improved by modeling it after the method of classifying prostate cancer to reflect the anatomic site of breast cancer origin and the patient outcome. The long-term survival curves of our consecutive breast cancer cases collected since 1977 clearly show that the non-palpable, screen-detected breast cancers originating from the milk-producing acini have excellent prognosis, irrespective of their histologic malignancy grade or biomarkers. Correspondingly, the breast cancer subtypes of truly ductal origin have a significantly poorer outcome, despite recent improvements in diagnosis and therapy. The mammographic appearance of breast cancers reflects the underlying tissue structure. Addition of these “mammographic tumor features” to the currently used histologic phenotypes makes it possible to distinguish the breast cancer cases of ductal origin with a poor outcome, termed DAB (ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast), from the more easily managed breast cancers of acinar origin, termed AAB (acinar adenocarcinoma of the breast), which have a significantly better outcome. This simple and easily communicable terminology could lead to better communication between the diagnostic and therapeutic team members and result in more rational treatment planning for the benefit of their patients.

THE PREVALENCE OF CANCER AND ITS RELATION TO DISEASE ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH ACROMEGALY: TWO CENTERS EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Ucan ◽  
Muhammed Kizilgul ◽  
Alper Cagri Karci ◽  
Hakan Duger ◽  
Muhammed Erkam Sencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Technique ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Spectrometry Technique

Background: Acromegaly is characterized by increased serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Although animal studies demonstrated a relationship between these hormones and cancer risk, the results of human studies evaluating cancer prevalence in acromegaly are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of malignant neoplasms in patients with acromegaly. Material and Methods: Cancer risk was evaluated in a cohort of 280 patients (M/F 120/160, mean age 50.93 ±12.07 years) with acromegaly. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the presence of cancer or not. Standard incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as compared to the general population. Results: From 280 patients, cancer was diagnosed in 19 (6.8%) patients. 9 (47%) of them had thyroid cancer, which was the most common one in cancer types. SIRs of all cancers were 0.8 (95% CI 0.5–1.1) and 1.0 (95% CI 0.8–1.3) in men and women, respectively. Compared to patients without cancer, the current age was higher in patients with cancer (59 (49–65) to 51 (42–59), p:0.027). In contrast, the age at diagnosis was similar in both groups. Not only was time to diagnosis and disease duration similar in both groups but also basal and current GH and IGF-1 levels. The prevalence of active disease was also similar between groups (32% to 23%, p:0.394). Conclusions: Our findings were not consistent with the studies suggesting that acromegaly patients encounter an increased cancer risk. Furthermore, there was a similar basal and current GH and IGF-1 levels in both acromegalic patients with and without cancer. Abbreviations: GH = Growth hormone, IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor 1, BMI = Body mass index, SIRs = Standard incidence ratios, ASR = age-standardized rate, LC-MS = liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry technique.

scholarly journals Micronutrients in Preventing Cancer: A Critical Review of Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Ashok Chakraborty ◽  
Smita Guha ◽  
Debjit Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Excess Cancer Risk ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Vitamin B 12 ◽  
Prostate Cancers ◽  
Percent Decrease

About 30–40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by adopting a proper lifestyle and dietary measures. Obesity, sugars and refined flour products that contribute to impaired glucose metabolism (which leads to diabetes), low fiber intake, consumption of red meat, and imbalance of omega 3 and omega 6 fats all contribute to excess cancer risk. However, intake of flaxseed, especially its lignan fraction, and abundant portions of fruits and vegetables will lower cancer risk. Garlic, which contains Allium, cruciferous vegetables, and broccoli sprouts being the richest source of sulforophane, are especially beneficial, for cancer prevention. Protective elements in a cancer prevention diet include all the micronutrients, such as, selenium, folic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, chlorophyll, and antioxidants such as the carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin). Further, Ascorbic acid has limited benefits orally, but could be very beneficial intravenously. Supplementary use of oral digesti e enzymes and probiotics also has merit as anticancer dietary products. When a diet is compiled according to the proper guidelines, there would be at least a 60–70 percent decrease in breast cancers, colorectal cancers, and prostate cancers, and even a 40–50 percent decrease in lung cancer, along with similar reductions in cancers at other sites. Such a diet would be conducive in preventing cancer and would favor recovery from cancer as well.

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