Classification of craniofacial anomalies

2021 ◽  
pp. 671-684
Author(s):  
Jagajeevan Jagadeesan ◽  
Hiroshi Nishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Congenital Disorders ◽  
Craniofacial Anomalies ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
System A ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rare Group

Craniofacial anomalies are a rare group of congenital disorders that affect the cranium and the face. Due to the rarity and diverse nature of presentation, classifying them has always posed a challenge. An ideal classification system is meant to be simple, effective, and reproducible. This chapter provides a brief history of the different classification schemes and explains a simple, modified, and descriptive classification system. A brief description of the more common craniofacial conditions and their clinical features is presented. The management of individual conditions is discussed in their respective chapters.

Unilateral Keratoderma in a Mother and Her Son

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley O'toole ◽  
Maureen O'malley
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
History Taking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soles Of The Feet

Background: Keratoderma is a group of conditions characterized by hyperkeratosis affecting the skin on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands bilaterally. The classification of keratodermas depends on whether it is inherited or acquired and on its clinical features, including diffuse or focal involvement of the skin and the morphology of lesions present. Case Report: We describe the rare case of a 54-year-old female who presented with a nearly 40-year history of punctate keratoderma on her right palm and sole. History taking revealed that her biologic son also has unilateral left-sided keratoderma. The clinical presentation of unilateral keratoderma has been reported only four times in the literature.

Classification of syringomyelia

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Milhorat
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Morbid Anatomy

Syringomyelia poses special challenges for the clinician because of its complex symptomatology, uncertain pathogenesis, and multiple options of treatment. The purpose of this study was to classify intramedullary cavities according to their most salient pathological and clinical features. Pathological findings obtained in 175 individuals with tubular cavitations of the spinal cord were correlated with clinical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings in a database of 927 patients. A classification system was developed in which the morbid anatomy, cause, and pathogenesis of these lesions are emphasized. The use of a disease-based classification of syringomyelia facilitates diagnosis and the interpretation of MR imaging findings and provides a guide to treatment.

scholarly journals Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-72
Author(s):  
Deborah Lee
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Of Instrument

This paper discusses the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments. This classification system was originally designed for musical instruments and books about instruments, and was first published in German in 1914. Hornbostel-Sachs has dominated organological discourse and practice since its creation, and this article analyses the scheme’s context, background, versions and impact. The position of Hornbostel-Sachs in the history and development of instrument classification is explored. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the mechanics of the scheme, including its decimal notation, the influential broad categories of the scheme, its warrant and its typographical layout. The version history of the scheme is outlined and the relationships between versions is visualised, including its translations, the introduction of the electrophones category and the Musical Instruments Museums Online (MIMO) version designed for a digital environment. The reception of Hornbostel-Sachs is analysed, and its usage, criticism and impact are all considered. As well as dominating organological research and practice for over a century, it is shown that Hornbostel-Sachs also had a significant influence on the bibliographic classification of music.

A New Classification of Gas-Hydrate Deposits and Its Implications for Field-Development Potential

SPE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Hon Chung Lau ◽  
Jinjie Wang ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Development Potential ◽  
Field Development ◽  
System A ◽  
Gas Hydrate Deposits ◽  
Bearing Layer

Summary A new classification of gas-hydrate deposits is proposed that takes into account their location (marine vs. permafrost), porosity type (matrix vs. fracture), and gas origin (biogenic, thermogenic, or mixed). Furthermore, by incorporating currently used Classes 1 through 4, which describe the nature of adjacent strata, a total of 16 classes of hydrate deposits have been identified. This new classification provides detailed information on the properties of the hydrate-bearing layer and adjacent strata that can be used for both scientific research and ranking of field-development potential. Using this new classification system, a qualitative ranking of field-development potential for different classes of hydrate deposits according to likely productivity, capital, and operating costs can be conducted. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of this new classification by applying it to 11 well-knowngas-hydrate deposits worldwide.

Automatic Classification of Inspectional Categories: Multivariate Theories of Archaeological Data

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Benfer ◽  
Alice N. Benfer
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Classification ◽  
Multivariate Methods ◽  
Multivariate Models ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classificatory System

The application of extremely complex multivariate models of classification to subjective inspectional methods of categorization is analyzed in detail, with the widely used Texas system of dart point typology as a case study. The history of the development of the Texas dart point typological system is sketched. An attempt by Gunn and Prewitt (1975) to objectify the classificatory system by multivariate methods is criticized. The techniques applied were too idiosyncratic to the particular data set used to be of predictive value. Discriminant function and multivariate classification analysis are discussed in detail, emphasizing simple geometrical examples by which the major principles may be grasped. Suggestions for improvement are offered for those who wish to follow Gunn and Prewitt in constructing automatic classification schemes.

The Classification of Swanson for Congenital Anomalies of Upper Limb Modified by the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand (JSSH)

Hand Surgery ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kousuke Iba ◽  
Emiko Horii ◽  
Toshihiko Ogino ◽  
Kenichi Kazuki ◽  
Katsuhiko Kashiwa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Complex Spectrum ◽  
Modification System ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Cleft Hand ◽  
Complex Cases

The aim of this study is to introduce the classification of Swanson for congenital anomalies of upper limb modified by the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand (the JSSH modification) in English. The Swanson classification has been widely accepted by most hand surgeons. However, several authors have suggested that complex cases, particularly those involving the complex spectrum of cleft hand and symbrachydactyly, are difficult to classify into the classification schemes. In the JSSH modification, brachysyndactyly, so-called atypical cleft hand and transverse deficiency are included under the same concept of transverse deficiency. Cleft hand, central polydactyly, and syndactyly are included in the same category of abnormal induction of digital rays. We believe that the JSSH modification system is effective in providing hand surgeons with the clinical features and conditions for congenital anomalies.

scholarly journals Tasks of Voluntary Rescue Teams in Extreme Weather Situations

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
László Teknős
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Management System ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Damage Prevention

The occurrence of weather phenomena associated with extreme precipitation, temperatures and winds are not unusual in the history of meteorology in Hungary. However, in view of the characteristics of damages, it can be ascertained that they are usually witnessed at local (settlement) level; they damage the natural and built environment, jeopardise the safety of people and their financial resources.  This greatly burdens the human resources of forces designated to respond to these anomalies, also their deployments, logistics and  the management system of their equipment. The current Disaster Management Act created a resolution to this tension between  damage prevention, response and rescue by declaring the possibilities of involving the voluntarism of citizens in organised and  regulated frameworks. It means: in order to increase the country’s safety, central, territorial, later district and settlement-level  voluntary rescue organisations and teams may be established. These units, considering their capabilities, are able to effectively and  efficiently manage the impacts of anomalies due to the weather. In this publication, the author attempts to present Hungary’s  vulnerability due to weather extremities with the help of the disaster management classification of settlements, to analyse the  deployment possibilities of voluntary rescue organisations and rescue teams, taking into account their capabilities established in the  framework of the national classification system.

scholarly journals The ICF Classification System to Assess Risk Factors for CVD in Secondary Prevention after Ischemic Stroke and Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Mateusz Lucki ◽  
Ewa Chlebuś ◽  
Agnieszka Wareńczak ◽  
Przemysław Lisiński
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Classification System ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Clinical Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prior Stroke

Background and objectives: Patients with a history of prior stroke have a high risk for subsequent cardiovascular events (CVD). Therefore, the implementation of an effective strategy to reduce risk factors and thereby improve secondary prevention outcomes is crucial in this patient population. The aim of this study was to determine differences in the incidence of risk factors for recurrent CVD events based on clinical type of prior stroke and to characterize them using the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) classification system. Materials and Methods: The incidence of risk factors for recurrent CVD events were retrospectively analyzed in 109 patients with a history of ischemic stroke (IS) and 80 patients with a history of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) within 14 days poststroke. Results: Atrial fibrillation/flutter (p = 0.031), >70% carotid artery stenosis (p = 0.004), blood pressure >140/90 mmHg (p = 0.025), blood HbA1c levels >7% (p = 0.002), smoking (p = 0.026) and NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) use (p < 0.001) were significantly more common in patients with a history of ischemic stroke. However, liver function test abnormalities were observed more commonly in patients with a history of hemorrhagic stroke (p = 0.025). Conclusions: The incidence and type of risk factors for recurrent CVD events vary according to the clinical type of prior stroke. The ICF classification system is a useful tool for evaluating these risk factors. This may help reduce the risk of subsequent CVD events.

Australia's National Classification System for Publications, Films and Computer Games: Its Operation and Potential Susceptibility to Political Influence in Classification Decisions

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-157
Author(s):  
Michael Ramaraj Dunstan
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Current System ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cooperative Scheme

The purpose of this article is to examine Australia's regulatory system for the classification of publications, films and computer games, the National Classification System (‘NCS’), and to question whether its classification decision process is susceptible to political influence. Formed in 1995 as a cooperative scheme between the Commonwealth, States and Territories, the NCS was created to overcome problems associated with former classification schemes that operated on a non-national basis in each Australian jurisdiction. It is argued that, although the current system is superior to the ones of the past, it still allows, or at least perceivably allows, political influence in censorship decision-making, as was historically the case. This is because documents used by the Classification Board and Classification Review Board (‘the Boards’) to make classification decisions are ambiguous and often inconsistent, and, even with redrafting, would remain so without the benefit of judicial precedent. The ambiguity created by the classification documents legitimates the possible exercise of political influence through a variety of means.

A Toxic Story: Phylogeny and Classification of Strychnos L. (Loganiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robberson B. Setubal ◽  
Cynthia L. Frasier ◽  
Jeanmaire Molina ◽  
Benjamin M. Torke ◽  
Rafaela C. Forzza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Fruit Wall ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sectional Classification

Strychnos is a pantropical genus of Loganiaceae (Gentianales), with approximately 200 species, that lacks a detailed worldwide phylogenetic understanding until now. We investigated the global phylogeny of the majority of Strychnos species, and evaluated morphologicaland key character patterns to discuss congruence between phylogenetic clades and sectional classification systems. We included 147 ITS sequences across 12 genera, with 127 samples (103 species) of Strychnos and 20 outgroup accessions (19 species) in a Bayesian analysis. Tribes Antonieae, Loganieae, and Spigelieae were supported as monophyletic, but Strychneae was resolved as polyphyletic due to the positioning of Gardneria placed outside of the Strychnos + Neuburgia clade. Strychnos was supported as strongly monophyletic with 12 strongly supported clades, but the relationships among many of these clades were not well resolved. Most of the 12 sections in the current infrageneric classification system of Strychnos were resolved as non-monophyletic, indicating the need for a revision of the sectional divisions. Characters common in species placed within the relatively more nested clades include a non-climbing habit, invasion of non-rainforest habitats, absence of tendrils,absence of secondary phloem, and elongated corolla tubes, suggesting that these characters are relatively derived conditions in the genus. Inflorescence position, fruit size, and fruit wall thickness are extremely variable and were distributed among various clades in our phylogeny. Stamen, pistil, seed and seed coat, and phytochemical characters have figured prominently in the taxonomy of the genus, but are as yet incompletely described, thus preventing significant inference about their evolution. Most of the 12 well-supported clades within Strychnos are restricted to specific continents, sometimes with limited dispersion between neighboring continents, suggesting a history of repeated cross-oceanic dispersal or vicariance patterns. The Neotropical clades nested within the African clades have the shortest branches and themost unresolved topologies, probably indicating relatively recent radiation in the Neotropics.

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