scholarly journals Phylogenomic Resolution of Sea Spider Diversification through Integration of Multiple Data Classes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús A Ballesteros ◽  
Emily V W Setton ◽  
Carlos E Santibáñez-López ◽  
Claudia P Arango ◽  
Georg Brenneis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
Sea Spiders ◽  
Sea Spider ◽  
Molecular Divergence

Abstract Despite significant advances in invertebrate phylogenomics over the past decade, the higher-level phylogeny of Pycnogonida (sea spiders) remains elusive. Due to the inaccessibility of some small-bodied lineages, few phylogenetic studies have sampled all sea spider families. Previous efforts based on a handful of genes have yielded unstable tree topologies. Here, we inferred the relationships of 89 sea spider species using targeted capture of the mitochondrial genome, 56 conserved exons, 101 ultraconserved elements, and 3 nuclear ribosomal genes. We inferred molecular divergence times by integrating morphological data for fossil species to calibrate 15 nodes in the arthropod tree of life. This integration of data classes resolved the basal topology of sea spiders with high support. The enigmatic family Austrodecidae was resolved as the sister group to the remaining Pycnogonida and the small-bodied family Rhynchothoracidae as the sister group of the robust-bodied family Pycnogonidae. Molecular divergence time estimation recovered a basal divergence of crown group sea spiders in the Ordovician. Comparison of diversification dynamics with other marine invertebrate taxa that originated in the Paleozoic suggests that sea spiders and some crustacean groups exhibit resilience to mass extinction episodes, relative to mollusk and echinoderm lineages.

scholarly journals Phylogenomic resolution of sea spider diversification through integration of multiple data classes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús A. Ballesteros ◽  
Emily V.W. Setton ◽  
Carlos E. Santibáñez López ◽  
Claudia P. Arango ◽  
Georg Brenneis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
Sea Spiders ◽  
Sea Spider ◽  
Molecular Divergence

AbstractDespite significant advances in invertebrate phylogenomics over the past decade, the higher-level phylogeny of Pycnogonida (sea spiders) remains elusive. Due to the inaccessibility of some small-bodied lineages, few phylogenetic studies have sampled all sea spider families. Previous efforts based on a handful of genes have yielded unstable tree topologies. Here, we inferred the relationships of 89 sea spider species using targeted capture of the mitochondrial genome, 56 conserved exons, 101 ultraconserved elements, and three nuclear ribosomal genes. We inferred molecular divergence times by integrating morphological data for fossil species to calibrate 15 nodes in the arthropod tree of life. This integration of data classes resolved the basal topology of sea spiders with high support. The enigmatic family Austrodecidae was resolved as the sister group to the remaining Pycnogonida and the small-bodied family Rhynchothoracidae as the sister group of the robust-bodied family Pycnogonidae. Molecular divergence time estimation recovered a basal divergence of crown group sea spiders in the Ordovician. Comparison of diversification dynamics with other marine invertebrate taxa that originated in the Paleozoic suggests that sea spiders and some crustacean groups exhibit resilience to mass extinction episodes, relative to mollusk and echinoderm lineages.

The taxonomic placement of three fossil Fundulus species and the timing of divergence within the North American topminnows (Teleostei: Fundulidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4250 (6) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL J. GHEDOTTI ◽  
MATTHEW P. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Extant Species

The fossils species †Fundulus detillae, †F. lariversi, and †F. nevadensis from localities in the western United States are represented by well-preserved material with date estimations. We combined morphological data for these fossil taxa with morphological and DNA-sequence data to conduct a phylogenetic analysis and a tip-based divergence-time estimation for the family Fundulidae. The resultant phylogeny is largely concordant with the prior total-evidence phylogeny. The fossil species do not form a monophyletic group, and do not represent a discrete western radiation of Fundulus as previously proposed. The genus Fundulus diverged into subgeneric clades likely in the Eocene or Oligocene (mean age 34.6 mya, 53–23 mya), and all subgeneric and most species-group clades had evolved by the middle Miocene. †Fundulus lariversi is a member of subgenus Fundulus in which all extant species are found only in eastern North America, demonstrating that fundulids had a complicated biogeographic history. We confirmed †Fundulus detillae as a member of the subgenus Plancterus. †F. nevadensis is not classified in a subgenus but likely is related to the subgenera Plancterus and Wileyichthys. 

Global classification and evolution of brushlegged mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae): phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data and dated historical biogeography

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Criste Massariol ◽  
Daniela Maeda Takiya ◽  
Frederico Falcão Salles
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Based

AbstractOligoneuriidae is a Pantropical family of Ephemeroptera, with 68 species described in 12 genera. Three subfamilies are recognized: Chromarcyinae, with a single species from East Asia; Colocrurinae, with two fossil species from Brazil; and Oligoneuriinae, with the remaining species distributed in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions. Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses were performed for the family based on 2762 characters [73 morphological and 2689 molecular (COI, 16S, 18S and 28S)]. Four major groups were recovered in all analyses (parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference), and they were assigned to tribal level, namely Oligoneuriini, Homoeoneuriini trib. nov., Oligoneuriellini trib. nov. and Elassoneuriini trib. nov. In addition, Yawari and Madeconeuria were elevated to genus level. According to Statistical Dispersal-Vicariance (S-DIVA), Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis (DEC) and divergence time estimation analyses, Oligoneuriidae originated ~150 Mya in the Gondwanan supercontinent, but was probably restricted to the currently delimited Neotropical region. The initial divergence of Oligoneuriidae involved a range expansion to Oriental and Afrotropical areas, sometime between 150 and 118 Mya. At ~118 Mya, the family started its diversification, reaching the Nearctic through dispersal from the Neotropical region and the Palaearctic and Madagascar from the Afrotropical region.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships among extinct and extant turtles: the position of Pleurodira and the effects of the fossils on rooting crown-group turtles

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Sterli
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Rapid Radiation ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Origin And Evolution

The origin and evolution of the crown-group of turtles (Cryptodira + Pleurodira) is one of the most interesting topics in turtle evolution, second perhaps only to the phylogenetic position of turtles among amniotes. The present contribution focuses on the former problem, exploring the phylogenetic relationships of extant and extinct turtles based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic dataset of morphological and molecular data analyzed to date. Parsimony analyses were conducted for different partitions of data (molecular and morphological) and for the combined dataset. In the present analysis, separate analyses of the molecular data always retrieve Pleurodira allied to Trionychia. Separate analysis of the morphological dataset, by contrast, depicts a more traditional arrangement of taxa, with Pleurodira as the sister group of Cryptodira, being Chelonioidea the most basal cryptodiran clade. The simultaneous analysis of all available data retrieves all major extant clades as monophyletic, except for Cryptodira given that Pleurodira is retrieved as the sister group of Trionychia. The paraphyly of Cryptodira is an unorthodox result, and is mainly caused by the combination of two factors. First, the molecular signal allies Pleurodira and Trionychia. Second, the morphological data with extinct taxa locates the position of the root of crown-group Testudines in the branch leading to Chelonioidea. This study highlights major but poorly explored topics of turtle evolution: the alternate position of Pleurodira and the root of crown turtles. The diversification of crown turtles is characterized by the presence of long external branches and short internal branches (with low support for the internal nodes separating the major clades of crown turtles), suggesting a rapid radiation of this clade. This rapid radiation is also supported by the fossil record, because soon after the appearance of the oldest crown-group turtles (Middle-Late Jurassic of Asia) the number and diversity of turtles increases remarkably. This evolutionary scenario of a rapid diversification of modern turtles into the major modern lineages is likely the reason for the difficulty in determining the interrelationships and the position of the root of crown-group turtles.

Discovery of a new species of Anolis lizards from Brazil and its implications for the historical biogeography of montane Atlantic Forest endemics

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Prates ◽  
Paulo Roberto Melo-Sampaio ◽  
Kevin de Queiroz ◽  
Ana Carolina Carnaval ◽  
Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
The City

Abstract Recent biological discoveries have changed our understanding of the distribution and evolution of neotropical biotas. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, the discovery of closely related species isolated on distant mountains has led to the hypothesis that the ancestors of montane species occupied and dispersed through lowland regions during colder periods. This process may explain the distribution of an undescribed Anolis lizard species that we recently discovered at a montane site in the Serra dos Órgãos National Park, a popular tourist destination close to the city of Rio de Janeiro. To investigate whether this species is closely related to other Atlantic Forest montane anoles, we implement phylogenetic analyses and divergence time estimation based on molecular data. We infer the new species nested within the Dactyloa clade of Anolis, forming a clade with A. nasofrontalis and A. pseudotigrinus, two species restricted to montane sites about 400 km northeast of Serra dos Órgãos. The new species diverged from its sister A. nasofrontalis around 5.24 mya, suggesting a cold-adapted lowland ancestor during the early Pliocene. Based on the phylogenetic results, we emend the definitions of the series taxa within Dactyloa, recognizing a clade containing the new species and several of its relatives as the nasofrontalis series. Lastly, we provide morphological data supporting the recognition of the new species and give it a formal scientific name. Future studies are necessary to assess how park visitors, pollutants, and shrinking montane habitats due to climate change will affect this previously overlooked anole species.

A ten-legged sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate (Germany)

2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
GABRIELE KÜHL ◽  
MARKUS POSCHMANN ◽  
JES RUST
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Lower Devonian ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Hunsrück Slate ◽  
Sea Spiders ◽  
Sea Spider

AbstractA new sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate (Germany) is described asPentapantopus vogteligen. et sp. nov. This is the fifth pycnogonid species known from this exceptional fossil Lagerstätte. The most conspicuous character of the new species is the presence of five pairs of walking legs. This character, in concert with a reduced abdomen, indicates a phylogenetic position ofP. vogteliamong the crown group pycnogonids.P. vogteliextends the knowledge of fossil pycnogonid body plans and underlines the significance of the Hunsrück Slate, as this locality shows the highest diversity of sea spiders for the entire fossil record so far.

scholarly journals The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Platysternon megacephalum peguense and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongdi Luo ◽  
Haijun Li ◽  
An Huang ◽  
Qingyong Ni ◽  
Yongfang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
Molecular Features

Platysternon megacephalum is the only living representative species of Platysternidae and only three subspecies remain: P. m. megalorcephalum, P. m. shiui, and P. m. peguense. However, previous reports implied that P. m. peguense has distinct morphological and molecular features. The characterization of the mitogenome has been accepted as an efficient means of phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis. Hence, this study first determined the complete mitogenome of P. m. peguense with the aim to identify the structure and variability of the P. m. peguense mitogenome through comparative analysis. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationship of the three subspecies was tested. Based on different tRNA gene loss and degeneration of these three subspecies, their rearrangement pathways have been inferred. Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. m. peguense is a sister group to (P. m. megalorcephalum and P. m. shiui). Furthermore, the divergence time estimation of these three subspecies coincided with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. This study shows that the genetic distances between P. m. peguense and the other two subspecies are comparable to interspecific genetic distances, for example within Mauremys. In general, this study provides new and meaningful insights into the evolution of the three Platysternidae subspecies.

scholarly journals A ‘living fossil’ eel (Anguilliformes: Protanguillidae, fam. nov.) from an undersea cave in Palau

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1730) ◽  
pp. 934-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. David Johnson ◽  
Hitoshi Ida ◽  
Jiro Sakaue ◽  
Tetsuya Sado ◽  
Takashi Asahida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Living Fossil ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
New Family ◽  
Republic Of Palau

We report the discovery of an enigmatic, small eel-like fish from a 35 m-deep fringing-reef cave in the western Pacific Ocean Republic of Palau that exhibits an unusual suite of morphological characters. Many of these uniquely characterize the Recent members of the 19 families comprising the elopomorph order Anguilliformes, the true eels. Others are found among anguilliforms only in the Cretaceous fossils, and still others are primitive with respect to both Recent and fossil eels. Thus, morphological evidence explicitly places it as the most basal lineage (i.e. the sister group of extant anguilliforms). Phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimation based on whole mitogenome sequences from various actinopterygians, including representatives of all eel families, demonstrate that this fish represents one of the most basal, independent lineages of the true eels, with a long evolutionary history comparable to that of the entire Anguilliformes (approx. 200 Myr). Such a long, independent evolutionary history dating back to the early Mesozoic and a retention of primitive morphological features (e.g. the presence of a premaxilla, metapterygoid, free symplectic, gill rakers, pseudobranch and distinct caudal fin rays) warrant recognition of this species as a ‘living fossil’ of the true eels, herein described as Protanguilla palau genus et species nov. in the new family Protanguillidae.

scholarly journals Integrating Fossil Preservation Biases in the Selection of Calibrations for Molecular Divergence Time Estimation

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Dornburg ◽  
Jeremy M. Beaulieu ◽  
Jeffrey C. Oliver ◽  
Thomas J. Near
Keyword(s):  
Divergence Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
Molecular Divergence ◽  
Fossil Preservation ◽  
Selection Of
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