Cranioplasty Reverses Dysfunction of the Solutes Distribution in the Brain Parenchyma After Decompressive Craniectomy

Neurosurgery ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1064-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alin Borha ◽  
Audrey Chagnot ◽  
Romain Goulay ◽  
Evelyne Emery ◽  
Denis Vivien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decompressive Craniectomy ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Early Time Point ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background Solutes distribution by the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluxes along perivascular spaces and through interstitial fluid (ISF) play a key role in the clearance of brain metabolites, with essential functions in maintaining brain homeostasis. Objective To investigate the impact of decompressive craniectomy (DC) and cranioplasty (CP) on the efficacy of solutes distribution by the intracranial CSF and ISF flux. Methods Mice were allocated in 3 groups: sham surgery, DC, and DC followed by CP. The solutes distribution in the brain parenchyma was assessed using T1 magnetic resonance imaging after injection of DOTA-Gadolinium in the cisterna magna. This evaluation was performed at an early time point following DC (after 2 d) and at a later time point (after 15 d). We evaluated the solutes distribution in the whole brain and in the region underneath the DC area. Results Our results demonstrate that the global solutes distribution in the brain parenchyma is impaired after DC in mice, both at early and late time-points. However, there was no impact of DC on the solutes distribution just under the craniectomy. We then provide evidence that this impairment was reversed by CP. Conclusion The solute distribution in the brain parenchyma by the CSF and ISF is impaired by DC, a phenomenon reversed by CP.

scholarly journals Equivalent tumor detection for early and late FAPI-46 PET acquisition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ferdinandus ◽  
L. Kessler ◽  
N. Hirmas ◽  
M. Trajkovic-Arsic ◽  
R. Hamacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Time ◽  
Tumor Detection ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Early Time Point ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Organ Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Late Time Point ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Introduction Positron emission tomography (PET) using small ligands of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) was recently introduced. However, optimal uptake time has not been defined yet. Here, we systematically compare early (~ 10 min p.i.) and late (~ 60 min p.i.) FAPI-46 imaging in patients with various types of cancer. Methods This is a retrospective single-institutional study. Imaging was performed at the Essen University Hospital, Germany. A total of 69 patients who underwent dual time-point imaging for either restaging (n = 52, 75%) or staging (n = 17, 25%) of cancer were included. Patients underwent PET with two acquisitions: early (mean 11 min, SD 4) and late (mean 66 min, SD 9). Mean injected activity was 148 MBq (SD 33). Results In total, 400 lesions were detected in 69 patients. Two of 400 (0.5%) lesions were only seen in early time-point imaging but not in late time-point imaging. On a per-patient level, there was no significant difference between SUVmax of hottest tumor lesions (Wilcoxon: P = 0.73). Organ uptake demonstrated significant early to late decrease in SUVmean (average ∆SUVmean: − 0.48, − 0.14, − 0.27 for gluteus, liver, and mediastinum, respectively; Wilcoxon: P < 0.001). On a per-lesion basis, a slight increase of SUVmax was observed (average ∆SUVmax: + 0.4, Wilcoxon: P = 0.03). Conclusion In conclusion, early (~ 10 min p.i.) versus late (~ 60 min p.i.) FAPI-46 imaging resulted in equivalent lesion uptake and tumor detection. For improved feasibility and scan volume, we implement early FAPI-46 PET in future clinical and research protocols.

scholarly journals Waste Clearance in the Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasleen Kaur ◽  
Lara M. Fahmy ◽  
Esmaeil Davoodi-Bojd ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Guangliang Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Healthy Functioning ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Waste clearance (WC) is an essential process for brain homeostasis, which is required for the proper and healthy functioning of all cerebrovascular and parenchymal brain cells. This review features our current understanding of brain WC, both within and external to the brain parenchyma. We describe the interplay of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), interstitial fluid (ISF), and perivascular spaces within the brain parenchyma for brain WC directly into the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We also discuss the relevant role of the CSF and its exit routes in mediating WC. Recent discoveries of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels, and their relevance to brain WC are highlighted. Controversies related to brain WC research and potential future directions are presented.

scholarly journals Effects of Mechanical Compression on Chondrogenesis of Human Synovium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Agarose Hydrogel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiang Ge ◽  
Yixuan Li ◽  
Zixu Wang ◽  
Lan Li ◽  
Huajian Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Chondrogenic Differentiation ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Mechanical Compression ◽  
Early Time Point ◽  
Late Time Point ◽  
Time Point

Mechanical compression is a double-edged sword for cartilage remodeling, and the effect of mechanical compression on chondrogenic differentiation still remains elusive to date. Herein, we investigate the effect of mechanical dynamic compression on the chondrogenic differentiation of human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs). To this aim, SMSCs encapsulated in agarose hydrogels were cultured in chondrogenic-induced medium with or without dynamic compression. Dynamic compression was applied at either early time-point (day 1) or late time-point (day 21) during chondrogenic induction period. We found that dynamic compression initiated at early time-point downregulated the expression level of chondrocyte-specific markers as well as hypertrophy-specific markers compared with unloaded control. On the contrary, dynamic compression applied at late time-point not only enhanced the levels of cartilage matrix gene expression, but also suppressed the hypertrophic development of SMSCs compared with unloaded controls. Taken together, our findings suggest that dynamic mechanical compression loading not only promotes chondrogenic differentiation of SMSCs, but also plays a vital role in the maintenance of cartilage phenotype, and our findings also provide an experimental guide for stem cell-based cartilage repair and regeneration.

scholarly journals Pathological potential of astroglia

2008 ◽  
pp. S101-S110
Author(s):  
A Chvátal ◽  
M Anděrová ◽  
H Neprašová ◽  
I Prajerová ◽  
J Benešová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Neurological Defect ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

The pathological potential of glial cells was recognized already by Rudolf Virchow, Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Pio Del Rio-Ortega. Many functions and roles performed by astroglia in the healthy brain determine their involvement in brain diseases; as indeed any kind of brain insult does affect astrocytes, and their performance in pathological conditions, to a very large extent, determines the survival of the brain parenchyma, the degree of damage and neurological defect. Astrocytes being in general responsible for overall brain homeostasis are involved in virtually every form of brain pathology. Here we provide an overview of recent developments in identifying the role and mechanisms of the pathological potential of astroglia.

scholarly journals Microglia motility depends on neuronal activity and promotes structural plasticity in the hippocampus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix C. Nebeling ◽  
Stefanie Poll ◽  
Lena C. Schmid ◽  
Manuel Mittag ◽  
Julia Steffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Dendritic Spines ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMicroglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play a complex role in health and disease. They actively survey the brain parenchyma by physically interacting with other cells and structurally shaping the brain. Yet, the mechanisms underlying microglia motility and their significance for synapse stability, especially during adulthood, remain widely unresolved. Here we investigated the impact of neuronal activity on microglia motility and its implication for synapse formation and survival. We used repetitive two-photon in vivo imaging in the hippocampus of awake mice to simultaneously study microglia motility and their interaction with synapses. We found that microglia process motility depended on neuronal activity. Simultaneously, more dendritic spines emerged in awake compared to anesthetized mice. Interestingly, microglia contact rates with individual dendritic spines were associated with their stability. These results suggest that microglia are not only sensing neuronal activity, but participate in synaptic rewiring of the hippocampus during adulthood, which has profound relevance for learning and memory processes.

Transcriptional Profiling of Early and Late Phases of Bovine Tuberculosis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazem F. M. Abdelaal ◽  
Tyler C. Thacker ◽  
Bishoy Wadie ◽  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
Adel M. Talaat
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Chemokine Receptors ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Time Point

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis ( M. bovis ), is an important enzootic disease affecting mainly cattle, worldwide. Despite the implementation of national campaigns to eliminate the disease, bovine tuberculosis remains recalcitrant to eradication in several countries. Characterizing the host response to M. bovis infection is crucial for understanding the immunopathogenesis of the disease and for developing better control strategies. To profile the host responses to M. bovis infection, we analyzed the transcriptome of whole blood cells collected from experimentally infected calves with a virulent strain of M. bovis using RNA transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq). Comparative analysis of calf transcriptomes at early (8 weeks) vs. late (20 weeks) aerosol infection with M. bovis revealed divergent and unique profile for each stage of infection. Notably, at the early time point, transcriptional upregulation was observed among several of the top-ranking canonical pathways involved in T-cell chemotaxis. At the late time point, enrichment in the cell mediated cytotoxicity (e.g. Granzyme B) was the predominant host response. These results showed significant change in bovine transcriptional profiles and identified networks of chemokine receptors and monocyte chemoattractant protein (CCL) co-regulated genes that underline the host-mycobacterial interactions during progression of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Further analysis of the transcriptomic profiles identified potential biomarker targets for early and late phases of tuberculosis in cattle. Overall, the identified profiles better characterized identified novel immunomodulatory mechanisms and provided a list of targets for further development of potential diagnostics for tuberculosis in cattle.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Coup and Contrecoup Injuries Induced by a Knock-Out Punch

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Toma ◽  
Rosalyn Chan-Akeley ◽  
Christopher Lipari ◽  
Sheng-Han Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Particle Hydrodynamics ◽  
Smoothed Particle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Primary Objective: The interaction of cerebrospinal fluid with the brain parenchyma in an impact scenario is studied. Research Design: A computational fluid-structure interaction model is used to simulate the interaction of cerebrospinal fluid with a comprehensive brain model. Methods and Procedures: The method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics is used to simulate the fluid flow, induced by the impact, simultaneously with finite element analysis to solve the large deformations in the brain model. Main Outcomes and Results: Mechanism of injury resulting in concussion is demonstrated. The locations with the highest stress values on the brain parenchyma are shown. Conclusions: Our simulations found that the damage to the brain resulting from the contrecoup injury is more severe than that resulting from the coup injury. Additionally, we show that the contrecoup injury does not always appear on the side opposite from where impact occurs.

Salt induced programmed cell death in rice: evidence from chloroplast proteome signature

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Vivek Ambastha ◽  
Sudhir K. Sopory ◽  
Baishnab C. Tripathy ◽  
Budhi Sagar Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Early Time Point ◽  
Phosphorylation Pattern ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Chloroplast Proteome ◽  
Time Point

Soil salinity, depending on its intensity, drives a challenged plant either to death, or survival with compromised productivity. On exposure to moderate salinity, plants can often survive by sacrificing some of their cells ‘in target’ following a route called programmed cell death (PCD). In animals, PCD has been well characterised, and involvement of mitochondria in the execution of PCD events has been unequivocally proven. In plants, mechanistic details of the process are still in grey area. Previously, we have shown that in green tissues of rice, for salt induced PCD to occur, the presence of active chloroplasts and light are equally important. In the present work, we have characterised the chloroplast proteome in rice seedlings at 12 and 24 h after salt exposure and before the time point where the signature of PCD was observed. We identified almost 100 proteins from chloroplasts, which were divided in to 11 categories based on the biological functions in which they were involved. Our results concerning the differential expression of chloroplastic proteins revealed involvement of some novel candidates. Moreover, we observed maximum phosphorylation pattern of chloroplastic proteins at an early time point (12 h) of salt exposure.

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