scholarly journals Insight into skywave theory and breakthrough applications in resource exploration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyun Di ◽  
Changmin Fu ◽  
Guoqiang Xue ◽  
Miaoyue Wang ◽  
Zhiguo An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Parallel Line ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Guided Wave ◽  
Central China ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Biyang Depression

Abstract Skywave refers to the electromagnetic wave reflected or refracted from the ionosphere and propagate in the form of a guided wave between the ionosphere and the Earth's surface. Since the skywave can propagate over large distances, it has been widely used in long-distance communication. This paper explores and demonstrates the feasibility of skywave for deep resource and energy exploration at depths up to 10 km. Theoretical and technical advancements were accomplished in furthering the skywave applications. A new solution method based on Green's function has been developed to study skywave propagation in a fully coupled lithosphere-air-ionosphere full space model. The model allows one, for the first time, to study skywave distribution characteristics in the lithosphere containing inhomogeneity such as ore deposits or oil and gas reservoirs. This model also lays a foundation for skywave data processing and interpretation. On a parallel line, we have developed a multi-channel, broadband, low-noise, portable data acquisition system suitable for receiving skywave signals. Using the skywave field excited by a high-power fixed source located in the central China, actual field surveys have been carried out in some areas in China including the Biyang depression of Henan Province. The initial results appear encouraging – The interpreted resistivity models prove to be consistent with those of seismic exploration and known geological information, and the exploration cost is only about 1/4 to 1/10 of seismic surveys. These initial successful applications of the skywave theory lay a solid foundation for further verification of the new method.

Elastic full-waveform inversion of steeply dipping structures with prismatic waves

Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-131
Author(s):  
Zheng Wu ◽  
Yuzhu Liu ◽  
Jizhong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Waveform Inversion ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Full Waveform Inversion ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Full Waveform ◽  
Truncated Newton ◽  
High Resolution Reconstruction ◽  
Multicomponent Data ◽  
The Relationship

High-resolution reconstruction of steeply dipping structures is an important but challenging subject in seismic exploration. Prismatic reflections that contain information on these structures are helpful for reconstructing steeply dipping structures. Elastic full-waveform inversion (EFWI) is a powerful tool that can accurately estimate subsurface parameters from multicomponent seismic data, which can provide information useful for characterizing oil and gas reservoirs. We construct the relationship between the forward and inverse problems related to the prismatic reflections by considering the multiparameter exact Hessian in realistic elastic media. We numerically analyze the characteristics of the multiparameter exact Hessian and show that when prismatic reflections are apparent in multicomponent data, the multiparameter delta Hessian has a strong influence. We explain this in more detail through the forward analysis and demonstrate that the multiparameter delta Hessian considers not only the prismatic reflections but also compensates for the primary reflections in multicomponent data. To use the prismatic waves, we develop a migration/demigration approach-based truncated Newton (TN) method in frequency-domain EFWI, whose storage requirements and the computational costs are the same as those of the truncated Gauss–Newton (TGN) method. Realistic 2D numerical examples demonstrate that, compared with TGN method based on the first-order Born approximation, the TN method can converge faster and obtain higher accuracy in the reconstruction of steeply dipping structures.

scholarly journals New methods for isolation and mapping of natural reservoirs for underground hydrogen storage in depleted hydrocarbon deposits

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
I.V. Kolokolova ◽  
I.N. Konovalova
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Natural Oil ◽  
Hydrocarbon Deposits ◽  
Underground Hydrogen Storage

The article proposes new methodological techniques for identifying and mapping true and false seals based on the data of geophysical methods, according to the main provisions of the theory of the three-layer structure of natural oil and gas reservoirs. Seismic exploration in combination with well logging makes it possible to control the storage volumes, determine the gas-water contact contour and obtain detailed models of the natural reservoir.

Ceramic Proppants Based on Ultrabasic Rocks of Kazakhstan Chromite Ore Deposits

2019 ◽  
Vol 946 ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
A.A. Biryukova ◽  
T.D. Dzhienalyev ◽  
A.V. Boronina
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chrome Spinel ◽  
Overburden Rock ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Silicate Ceramic

The purpose of the work is the obtaining of magnesium silicate ceramic proppants, based on ultrabasic overburden rocks of Kempirsai deposits of chromite ores (Kazakhstan). The chemical and mineralogical composition of ultrabasic overburden rock was studied by chemical, microscopic and X-ray diffraction analyzes. It is established that the main mineral of ultrabasic overburden rocks is serpentine, present in the form of fibrous chrysotile and lamellar antigorite. In the impurities are iron oxides and hydroxides, chrome spinel, carbonates, quartz. Assessment of the use of overburden rocks as a raw material for the production of ceramic proppants was carried out. The sintering interval of overburden rocks was determined at 1280-1300 °C. The sintering firing optimum temperature of ceramics, based on this type of raw material is 1300 °C. It is established that to harden the structure of magnesium silicate ceramic it is necessary to activate the raw material thermally at a temperature of 1000 °C. The influence of binder type on the properties of magnesium silicate proppants, based on the Kempirsai serpentinites was studied. Magnesium silicate proppants, based on ultrabasic overburden rocks, were obtained with the following properties: apparent density – 1.6 g/cm3, strength resistance (52 MPa) – 14%, sphericity and roundness – 0.8; chemical resistance (hydrochloric acid) – 98%, static strength of the fraction 16/20 - 72–118 N/granule. The field of application is oil and gas production, metallurgy and ceramic industries.

The impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on cetaceans and implications for management

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
pp. 1091-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.S. Weilgart
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Cetacean Species ◽  
Ocean Noise ◽  
Beaked Whales ◽  
Noise Impacts

Ocean noise pollution is of special concern for cetaceans, as they are highly dependent on sound as their principal sense. Sound travels very efficiently underwater, so the potential area impacted can be thousands of square kilometres or more. The principal anthropogenic noise sources are underwater explosions (nuclear and otherwise), shipping, seismic exploration by mainly the oil and gas industries, and naval sonar operations. Strandings and mortalities of especially beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) have in many cases been conclusively linked to noise events such as naval maneuvers involving tactical sonars or seismic surveys, though other cetacean species may also be involved. The mechanisms behind this mortality are still unknown, but are most likely related to gas and fat emboli at least partially mediated by a behavioral response, such as a change in diving pattern. Estimated received sound levels in these events are typically not high enough to cause hearing damage, implying that the auditory system may not always be the best indicator for noise impacts. Beaked whales are found in small, possibly genetically isolated, local populations that are resident year-round. Thus, even transient and localized acoustic impacts can have prolonged and serious population consequences, as may have occurred following at least one stranding. Populations may also be threatened by noise through reactions such as increased stress levels, abandonment of important habitat, and “masking” or the obscuring of natural sounds. Documented changes in vocal behavior may lead to reductions in foraging efficiency or mating opportunities. Responses are highly variable between species, age classes, behavioral states, etc., making extrapolations problematic. Also, short-term responses may not be good proxies of long-term population-level impacts. There are many examples of apparent tolerance of noise by cetaceans, however. Noise can also affect cetaceans indirectly through their prey. Fish show permanent and temporary hearing loss, reduced catch rates, stress, and behavioral reactions to noise. Management implications of noise impacts include difficulties in establishing “safe” exposure levels, shortcomings of some mitigation tools, the need for precaution in the form of reducing noise levels and distancing noise from biologically important areas, and the role of marine protected areas and monitoring in safeguarding cetaceans especially from cumulative and synergistic effects.

scholarly journals Monitoring geological storage of CO2: a new approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzar Fawad ◽  
Nazmul Haque Mondol
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Coal Beds ◽  
Spatial Coverage

AbstractGeological CO2 storage can be employed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers, and coal beds are considered to be viable subsurface CO2 storage options. Remote monitoring is essential for observing CO2 plume migration and potential leak detection during and after injection. Leak detection is probably the main risk, though overall monitoring for the plume boundaries and verification of stored volumes are also necessary. There are many effective remote CO2 monitoring techniques with various benefits and limitations. We suggest a new approach using a combination of repeated seismic and electromagnetic surveys to delineate CO2 plume and estimate the gas saturation in a saline reservoir during the lifetime of a storage site. This study deals with the CO2 plume delineation and saturation estimation using a combination of seismic and electromagnetic or controlled-source electromagnetic (EM/CSEM) synthetic data. We assumed two scenarios over a period of 40 years; Case 1 was modeled assuming both seismic and EM repeated surveys were acquired, whereas, in Case 2, repeated EM surveys were taken with only before injection (baseline) 3D seismic data available. Our results show that monitoring the CO2 plume in terms of extent and saturation is possible both by (i) using a repeated seismic and electromagnetic, and (ii) using a baseline seismic in combination with repeated electromagnetic data. Due to the nature of the seismic and EM techniques, spatial coverage from the reservoir's base to the surface makes it possible to detect the CO2 plume’s lateral and vertical migration. However, the CSEM low resolution and depth uncertainties are some limitations that need consideration. These results also have implications for monitoring oil production—especially with water flooding, hydrocarbon exploration, and freshwater aquifer identification.

Main directions of searching for hydrocarbons in Nadym-Pursk oil and gas region

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Y. I. Gladysheva
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Field Development ◽  
The North ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Hydrocarbon Deposits

Nadym-Pursk oil and gas region has been one of the main areas for the production of hydrocarbon raw materials since the sixties of the last century. A significant part of hydrocarbon deposits is at the final stage of field development. An increase in gas and oil production is possible subject to the discovery of new fields. The search for new hydrocarbon deposits must be carried out taking into account an integrated research approach, primarily the interpretation of seismic exploration, the creation of geological models of sedimentary basins, the study of geodynamic processes and thermobaric parameters. Statistical analysis of geological parameters of oil and gas bearing complexes revealed that the most promising direction of search are active zones — blocks with the maximum sedimentary section and accumulation rate. In these zones abnormal reservoir pressures and high reservoir temperatures are recorded. The Cretaceous oil and gas megacomplex is one of the main prospecting targets. New discovery of hydrocarbon deposits are associated with both additional exploration of old fields and the search for new prospects on the shelf of the north. An important area of geological exploration is the productive layer of the Lower-Berezovskaya subformation, in which gas deposits were discovered in unconventional reservoirs.

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