scholarly journals Information Processing

Communication ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bolls
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
General Term ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Mediated Messages ◽  
New Research

Information processing broadly refers to the mental activity emerging from processes the human mind engages in while processing information encountered in an individual’s environment. These mental processes have become particularly important to study in the context of communication research because features of communication-related stimuli— present in both mediated and interpersonal communication—construct the most meaningful parts of the social environment in which individuals engage in information processing. Historically, information processing has been considered to be representative of a distinct research approach as much as it defines a set of phenomena investigated by communication scientists. Information processing as a research approach emerged as part of the cognitive revolution in psychology, which brought about a significant paradigm shift in how researchers working in psychology attempted to understand the human mind. Scholars working in psychology at that time suggested that rigorous theoretical explanations of human nature and behavior could only emerge from research directed at systematically and objectively observing mental processes engaged in the minds and brains of individuals engaged in processing meaningful information in their environment. The adoption of this approach led to the establishment of new research methodologies involving psychophysiological measures in addition to self-report and behavioral measures designed to aid researchers in observing the human mind/brain at work. Communication scientists—particularly those interested in studying processes and effects of media—have adopted an information-processing approach to go beyond insight provided by traditional media-effects research and probe mental processes that may underlie the observed influence of mediated messages on individuals. The term “information processing” is biased toward describing more purely cognitive rather than emotional processes. Research in the field of neuropsychology demonstrates the fallacy of viewing cognition and emotion as isolated processes; thus, the term “information processing” is viewed as having limited utility in describing the more complex, integrated cognitive and emotional mental-activity that scientists engaged in this area investigate. The more general term “mental processing” or “mental processes” will be used here to more accurately describe the phenomenon that communication scientists involved in studying what has been historically considered information processing actually investigate. The first three headings of this bibliography have been included to present references that should provide foundational theoretical and methodological knowledge required to study information processing as mental processes engaged by communication activities, primarily media use. References provided in the remaining sections feature examples of recent information-processing research conducted in important areas of media research.

Do Eye Movements Have a Special Importance to Mental Activity?

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
Peripheral Motor ◽  
The Brain

Several areas of research are reviewed in which associations between eye movements and the nature of mental processes have been attributed to hypothesized third factors. It is suggested that a simpler hypothesis—that eye movements are related in some fundamental manner to cognitive functioning—deserves consideration. A metaphor is presented to show that the quality of information processing need not exclusively reflect processes deep inside the brain but could also be affected by peripheral motor mechanisms.

scholarly journals Bad World: The Negativity Bias in International Politics

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic D.P. Johnson ◽  
Dominic Tierney
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Research

A major puzzle in international relations is why states privilege negative over positive information. States tend to inflate threats, exhibit loss aversion, and learn more from failures than from successes. Rationalist accounts fail to explain this phenomenon, because systematically overweighting bad over good may in fact undermine state interests. New research in psychology, however, offers an explanation. The “negativity bias” has emerged as a fundamental principle of the human mind, in which people's response to positive and negative information is asymmetric. Negative factors have greater effects than positive factors across a wide range of psychological phenomena, including cognition, motivation, emotion, information processing, decision-making, learning, and memory. Put simply, bad is stronger than good. Scholars have long pointed to the role of positive biases, such as overconfidence, in causing war, but negative biases are actually more pervasive and may represent a core explanation for patterns of conflict. Positive and negative dispositions apply in different contexts. People privilege negative information about the external environment and other actors, but positive information about themselves. The coexistence of biases can increase the potential for conflict. Decisionmakers simultaneously exaggerate the severity of threats and exhibit overconfidence about their capacity to deal with them. Overall, the negativity bias is a potent force in human judgment and decisionmaking, with important implications for international relations theory and practice.

The Load of Perceptual Indifference in Human Cognition of Load Heaviness in Manual Lifting Tasks

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 940-944
Author(s):  
Waldemar Karwowski
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Manual Lifting ◽  
New Research ◽  
Human Assessment

This main objective of this study was to introduce and investigate the concept of load of perceptual indifference (LPI) for assessment of load heaviness in manual lifting tasks. The loads of perceptual indifference were defined as those box weights which would result in the same values of subjective compatibility scores for a given pair of perceptual categories of load heaviness. At the point of indifference, the loads are perceived as to be acceptable, safe or not-too-heavy with an equal strength as the loads judged to be too-heavy for continuous lifting. The linguistic magnitude estimation (LME) method (Karwowski, 1990) was used for experimental and modeling purposes. This allowed to develop a quantitative model for the human assessment of four categories of lifted loads of interest. The results indicate that the lack of cognitive benchmark introduces inconsistency in subjects perception of load acceptability and safety compared to the concept of to-heavy load. In order to overcome this problem, a new research approach to manual lifting tasks is needed, based on the integration of cognitive engineering, active psychophysics and ecological approach.

scholarly journals Exploring the role of schizotypy in creative cognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sophie Hedley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Associative Processing ◽  
Creative Cognition

<p>Creativity is hugely important in our everyday lives. Understanding what makes some people more creative than others is not just important in traditional creative fields. Creative problem solving is the key to solving all significant challenges we face as a society, including but not limited to technological, political and environmental challenges. Mental illness, in both popular culture and in psychological science, have long been linked to creative thought. Many eminent creatives, both past and current, attribute their success to their mental illness. For example, in schizophrenia, the grandiose thinking and florid hallucinations that characterise this disorder may be supportive of creative thinking.   However, schizophrenia is characterised by severe cognitive deficits that, according to models of creativity, would be disadvantageous to creative thinking. Schizotypy is a personality trait that is characterised by some features of schizophrenia (unusual thinking, poor interpersonal communication), but is not accompanied by the same severe cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. Based on this view, it is reasonable to assume that people high on schizotypal traits may be more creative than those who are low on schizotypal traits.   While there a number of studies examining this relationship, findings are inconsistent, with effect sizes ranging from -.42 to .8. In my thesis, I explored a) whether there was a relationship between schizotypy and creativity and b) whether that relationship could be explained by underlying differences in cognitive processing (associative processing and executive control). I predicted that positive schizotypy in particular (typified by unusual thinking, superstitious beliefs) would be positively correlated with schizotypy in three different measures of creativity (two performance based tasks and one self-report measure) in two different samples of participants.   In Chapters 3 + 4, I tested the relationship between schizotypy and creativity using two different methods. In chapter 3, I found no evidence for the predicted effect. In fact, I found a negative association between positive schizotypy and scores on one measure of creativity (the Remote Associates test) and a positive association between negative schizotypy (characterised by interpersonal deficits) and performance on the RAT. These effects did not replicate in the second sample. Finally, there was a positive association between disorganised schizotypy and creativity on the Alternate Uses task. The results of Chapter 4, using a latent profile analytic approach, mirrored the results of Chapter 3. Finally, Chapter 5 found no support for any relationship being mediated by associative processing or executive control; however, there was partial support for two models of creativity. Overall, evidence suggests that schizotypal traits are not helpful for creativity. These results shed light on some of the challenges when conducting research regarding both schizotypy and creativity.</p>

scholarly journals A descriptive mode in art and the issue of a representation

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
O. V. Bezzubova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Art History ◽  
American Art ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Visual Culture Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Research

The predominant for XX century art studies tradition was seriously reconsidered during the 1970– 1980s during the so called «new art history» development, when many received concepts were called into question. A notion of descriptiv e mode of painting proposed by an American art historian S. Alpers is of great interest in this context because it allows us to revise the homogeneous development of European art. While elaborating the concept of descriptive mode of painting, Alpers took under consideration a wide range of historical and cultural sources thus contributed to the new research approach nowadays known under the title of visual culture studies. It is not less important that she also focused on the issue of pictorial representation, which inquires the essence of the work of art.

Several Research Topics of Carbon Footprint Order Quantity

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 2734-2739
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Tian ◽  
Feng Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
New Research ◽  
Research Assumptions

Research on order quantity plays an important role in logistics and supply chain (SC) whether for traditional economy objective or for low carbon objective. The paper summarizes the research framework of economic order quantity (EOQ) in brief. It also introduces and reviews the new research field carbon footprint order quantity (COQ). Comparing with the research of EOQ, it finds that the research on COQ is just beginning and the research assumptions still remain at the case of the “Square Root” era of EOQ a century ago. Based on some related literatures, the paper analyzes the effect of low carbon on social economy especially some influence factors related to order quantity. And it refers some important market forces affected by low carbon that are ignored by the literatures of COQ currently. Then the paper purposes the basic research approach of COQ. Finally, it provides several important topics of COQ for further research.

Research in Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 1456-1477
Author(s):  
François Pinet ◽  
Petraq Papajorgji
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Environmental Information Systems ◽  
Agriculture And Environment ◽  
New Research ◽  
Spatial Information Processing

Information systems relate to diverse applications, but, until recently, the use of this technology in agriculture and environment has been relatively behind the applications in the industrial sector. The publication of IJAEIS started in 2010 in order to promote the new research advances in information systems applied to agriculture and environment. This paper presents an overview of the different scientific issues presented in the 50 papers published in IJAEIS between 2010 and 2013. The authors summarize the different contributions presented in IJAEIS and the authors identify the main trends in the field of agricultural and environmental information systems (ontologies, communication systems, spatial information processing, etc.).

Knowledge in the Psychology of Thinking and Mathematics

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Xenia Naidenova
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Construction ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Past Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Mathematics

This chapter offers a view on the history of developing the concepts of knowledge and human reasoning both in mathematics and psychology. Mathematicians create the formal theories of correct thinking; psychologists study the cognitive mechanisms that underpin knowledge construction and thinking as the most important functions of human existence. They study how the human mind works. The progress in understanding human knowledge and thinking will be undoubtedly related to combining the efforts of scientists in these different disciplines. Believing that it is impossible to study independently the problems of knowledge and human reasoning we strive to cover in this chapter the central ideas of knowledge and logical inference that have been manifested in the works of outstanding thinkers and scientists of past time. These ideas reveal all the difficulties and obstacles on the way to comprehending the human mental processes.

scholarly journals Making the Case for Multi-Axis Assessment of Behavioural Problems

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Fatjó ◽  
Jonathan Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Behaviour Problem ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
New Research

The systematic classification of human mental health disorders and behavioural problems in companion animals face the same challenges. These disorders and problems are complex, multi-factorial, and can interfere with the individual’s ability to function within society, a social or family environment. Classification systems are reductive, they discard a lot of critical information, and can be overly focused on the presenting problem, inflexible and obstructive to new research. As a result, human psychiatry is moving away from classification systems and toward a clinical and research model based on dimensional characteristics that encompass the full range from normal to abnormal, and include multiple sources of influence from genetic, to environmental and psychosocial. In this paper, we set out a multi-axis model for the collection and organisation of information about companion animal behaviour problem cases that avoids some of the limitations of classification systems, is aligned with the current research approach in human psychiatry, and assists the clinician in making a complete and thorough assessment of a case.

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