Siwa Oasis

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Agricultural Resources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Sufi Order ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Siwa Oasis is located in Egypt’s Western Desert and lies about 50 kilometers east of the Libyan border and 300 kilometers south of the Mediterranean coast. The oasis has been renowned since ancient times for the presence of a temple, built during the Twenty-Sixth Pharaonic Dynasty (664–525 BCE), which hosted the oracle of the god Ammon and allegedly attracted the visit of Alexander the Great in 331 BCE. Apart from scattered descriptions, little is known about the history of Siwa in the Middle Ages. Archaeological and linguistic research has, however, yielded useful insights on the history of the oasis, on the movements of its inhabitants, and on their contacts with the wider world, while information about life in the oasis between the 18th and the 20th centuries can be found in numerous travel accounts composed mainly by European officials, geographers, and travelers and in a few anthropological studies. Siwa was formally brought under Egyptian control in 1820 by Muhammad Ali, but it remained strongly attached to Benghazi. During the 19th century, the Sanussiyya, an Islamic sufi order with headquarters in the neighboring oasis of Al-Jaghbub, acquired considerable political power, and it played an important role in the effective incorporation of Siwa into Egypt during the 19th and the 20th centuries. Today, Siwa and the smaller oasis of El-Gara, which lies about 100 km to the northeast, form a municipality within the Governorate of Marsa Matruh, with over 31,000 inhabitants (2019 official census by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics). The municipality hosts the easternmost Berber-speaking community, whose language, called Siwi, shares many linguistic features with the languages of Sokna and El Fogaha in Libya, partially also with the Zenati group, and which has been heavily influenced by Arabic. While the majority of the population of Siwa is Berber, the oasis is also home to a Bedouin community related to the Awlad Ali, the Shahibaat, as well as to a growing number of other Egyptian settlers. Currently the entire population of the oasis speaks Arabic as either a first or a second language. For centuries, the economy of the oasis relied almost exclusively on its natural and agricultural resources, specifically on its abundant spring water and date palms as well as the fine fruits from the latter, which are central to the life of the community. More recently, however, tourism and its corollary activities have gained considerable importance in Siwa’s economy, and they have contributed to redistributing wealth within the community and reshaping the landscape of the oasis. We would like to thank Sergio Volpi, the founder of the association Le Royaumes des Deux Déserts and the Black Lions Library in Siwa for sharing with us the copies of some works not available otherwise. We also thank the anonymous reviewer for suggesting works that we had initially overlooked and for other valuable comments and remarks.

scholarly journals Cenzura polityczna wobec karykatury. Doświadczenia francuskie II połowy XVIII i pierwszej połowy XIX wieku. Przyczynek do walki o wolność słowa

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-293
Author(s):  
Jacek Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Characteristic Element ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

Caricature is one of the forms of artistic expression and it has a similar role to satire. Consequently, some people consider caricature to be one of the forms of satire. Caricature has its origins in ancient times. The history of caricature is illustrated by political changes that civilization experienced. The administrative authorities attempted to fight caricature in numerous countries and France was one of them. This process is a part of the history of censorship that began in Roman times. Afterwards, it developed further during the Christian period of the Middle Ages until the 19th century. Unfortunately, this procedure is present in certain areas even today. The most interesting solutions were the ones adoptedin France. Moreover, it is worth noting that the phenomenon of institutionalization of censorship was not the only characteristic element in France. There were also censorship bodies present in the country despite the formal constitutional declarations of freedom of speech.

HAJJ AND THE RULERS OF

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
D.X. Sangirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Sacred Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Middle Ages

Revered since ancient times, the concept of "sacred place" in the middle ages rose to a new level. The article analyzes one of the important issues of this time - Hajj (pilgriamge associated with visiting Mecca and its surroundings at a certain time), which is one of pillars of Islam and history of rulers who went on pilgrimage

Art. XIX.—An old Hebrew Romance of Alexander

1897 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-549
Author(s):  
M. Gaster
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bibliographical Information ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Great Mass

More marvellous and more remarkable than the real conquests of Alexander are the stories circulated about him, and the legends which have clustered round his name and his exploits. The history of Alexander has, from a very early period, been embellished with legends and tales. They spread from nation to nation during the whole of the ancient times, and all through the Middle Ages. Many scholars have followed up the course of this dissemination of the fabulous history of Alexander. It would, therefore, be idle repetition of work admirably done by men like Zacher, Wesselofsky, Budge, and others, should I attempt it here. All interested in the legend of Alexander are familiar with those works, where also the fullest bibliographical information is to be found. I am concerned here with what may have appeared to some of these students as the bye-paths of the legend, and which, to my mind, has not received that attention which is due to it, from more than one point of view. Hitherto the histories of Alexander were divided into two categories; the first were those writings which pretended to give a true historical description of his life and adventures, to the exclusion of fabulous matter; the other included all those fabulous histories in which the true elements were smothered under a great mass of legendary matter, the chief representative of this class being the work ascribed to a certain Callisthenes. The study of the legend centred in the study of the vicissitudes to which this work of (Pseudo-) Callisthenes had been exposed, in the course of its dissemination from the East, probably from its native country, Egypt, to the countries of the West.

scholarly journals Milestones of Dentistry: Advent of Anesthetics in Oral Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Cervino
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Oral Surgery ◽  
High Rank ◽  
Anesthetic Drugs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dental Profession ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
History Of Dentistry ◽  
The Middle Ages

The history of dentistry, of course, has followed a constant development since the dawn of society. The dental profession, reserved in ancient times to people with special skills and high rank, after the Middle Ages was diminished and practiced by barbers. The pharmacological evolution of oral surgery techniques has led this branch, today as never before, to obtain a level of specialization and preparation comparable to all other specialist medical branches. Some milestones in the history of dentistry will be considered so as to finally understand how the importance of anesthetic drugs was of primary importance, and which drugs are used today.

scholarly journals The Oromo national memories

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-516
Author(s):  
A. Kumsa
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
National Memory ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
City State ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author defines nation as a territorial community of nativity and attributes significance to the biological fact of birth into the historically evolving territorial structure of the cultural community of nation, which allows to consider nation as a form of kinship. Nation differs from other territorial communities such as tribe, city-state or various ‘ethnic groups’ not just by the greater extent of its territory, but also by a relatively uniform culture that provides stability over time [22. P. 7]. According to the historical-linguistic comparative studies, “in terms of the history of mankind it is incontrovertible that some of the earliest and greatest human achievements have been accomplished in civilizations founded and headed by Afro-Asiatic peoples” [28. P. 74]. The Oromo people is one of the oldest nations in the world with its own territory (Oromia) and language ( Afaan Oromoo ). The Oromo possess a common political culture ( Gadaa democracy) and pursue one national-political goal of independence to get rid of the Abyssinian colonialism. Oromo national memories consist of memories of independence and national heroism, memories of the long war against expansionist Abyssinian warlords and the Abyssinian invasion of the Oromo land in the 19th century with the new firearms received from the African co-colonizing Western European powers, and these weapons were used not only to conquer the Oromo land but to cut the Oromo population in half. The Oromo nation consider the colonization of their country, loss of their independence, and existence under the brutal colonial rule of Abyssinia to be the worst humiliation period in their national history. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author considers the theoretical background of such concepts as nation, national memory, conquest humiliation, and some colonial pejorative terms still used by colonial-minded writers (like tribe and ethnic groups). In the second part, the author describes the Oromo national political and social memories during their long history as an independent nation from the Middle-Ages to the last quarter of the 19th century; presents ‘the Oromo question’ through the prism of the global history of colonization, occupation of their territory, slavery, and the colonial humiliation of the Oromo nation by the most cruel and oppressive Abyssinian colonial system; presents the two last regimes of the Abyssinian system and the final phase of the Oromo National Movement for sovereignty, dignity, and peace, which contributed greatly to the stability in the Horn of Africa.

scholarly journals The history of hysteria and what’s next…

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Klemens Hłodzik ◽  
Ewelina Dziwota ◽  
Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz ◽  
Marcin Olajossy
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Histrionic Personality Disorder ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Soranus Of Ephesus

AbstractFrom the ancient times up till now hysteria has been a mysterious and intriguing issue. The authors of this article using mainly the work of Etienne Trillat of the same title, present the most important facts from the history of hysteria. Our work shows how notions of hysteria known initially as uterine dyspnoea, which was the term used by Hippocrates in the seventh tome of his “Collected Works” evolved step by step. At the end of 1st century AD a newcomer to Rome, Soranus of Ephesus, as an experienced anatomist in his “Treatise on midwifery and the diseases of women” moved away from the old ideas of Plato and Hippocrates equating uterus to an animal. How did views on hysteria develop throughout Middle Ages, Renaissance or World Wars period? In this article the authors are trying to determine the nature of hysteria as well as what remained from hysteria in the contemporary times, depicting hysteria’s elusiveness as a disease, many difficulties with its definition and connection with many shocking events in history of mankind. From the ancient sages, through Kramer, Sprenger, Wier, Harvey, Willis, Sydenham, Blackmore up until Mesmer, Freud and many others. From hysteric witches, beings suffering from vapors, through sensitive, fragile and musing women up until mythomaniacs, nymphomaniacs and what we define today as histrionic personality disorder. In the words of French neurologist and a creator of psychiatry – Charcot – hysteria existed forever, everywhere and all-time. Why did it vanish though? Authors of this article will address this problem in the final part, trying to determine the cause.

scholarly journals THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY LEGISLATION ON PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN QUARANTINE CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 465-468
Author(s):  
Oksana Shukatka ◽  
Illya Kryvoruchko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

The article raises an issue of preservation and strengthening health in pandemic conditions, because self-isolation and restrictions on the movement of people cause the loss of physical activity and the emergence of chronic diseases. It is known that all quarantine restrictions and rules are being created and regulated by the state at the legislative level. We appeal to the primary sources of quarantine legislation for deeper understanding of the issue. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical background of legal and regulatory legislation on preservation of health in quarantine conditions. The following methods of analysis have been used: comparison and synthesis of theoretical data. The period of formation of quarantine legislation is divided into 3 phases: the period of the Middle Ages, the period before the First World War (the 19th century) and the postwar period. The article investigates the history of conduction of the first quarantine measures in Europe during the Middle Ages and the history of creation of the first quarantine legislation in Venice, Hetmanshchyna and the Russian Empire during the 14th – 18th centuries. It has been revealed that the rules of the fight against the spread of epidemiological diseases were established in the 19th century, the first international sanitary conventions and medical authorities in the Russian and Ottoman Empires were created to slow the spread of such dangerous diseases as cholera, plague and yellow fever, not harming the free international trade at that time. The article analyses the results of the first (1851), the fourth (1874) and the seventh (1892) International Sanitary Conferences and the positive and negative consequences of them. It also describes the creation of the first international medical organisations, such as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (L'Office International d'Hygiene Publique), established in 1907, the Health Organization of the League of Nations, established in 1923 after the First World War, the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations, established in 1926, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), established in April, 7, 1948 as the medical authority of the United Nations Organisation. The article generalizes the aims of the above-mentioned organisations and their contribution to the combat against the epidemiological diseases of the first half of the 20th century. It has been concluded that we should adhere to the classical principles of the preservation of health in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic to effectively withstand the spread of this virus.

scholarly journals Institute of Reconciliation in the History of Russian Criminal Justice (Pre-Revolutionary Period)

2021 ◽  
pp. 025-034
Author(s):  
E. V. Popadenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The emergence, formation and development of the institution of reconciliation of the parties as a means of resolving legal conflicts have a long history. The origins of reconciliation were primarily laid down in rituals, and later were reflected in laws. At the same time, the institution of reconciliation is mentioned in almost all major history law documents - from Russian Truth to the Judicial Statutes of 1864.Thus, the article shows the development of the institution of reconciliation in Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. The traditions of brother-making and refusal of blood feud are replaced by the procedure for apologizing and filing a reconciliation petition. The article shows how the complication of social relations gradually changed the position towards crime – firstly it was perceived as an insult to a person, but with the strengthening of state power it was seen as an unlawful act, violation of the norms established by the state, where the latter is almost always considered the main victim. This, accordingly, affected the change in attitudes towards the institution of reconciliation – from stimulating the rule-maker to the peaceful settlement of criminal-legal conflicts by the parties to the establishment of a ban on reconciliation in most categories of criminal cases.

scholarly journals Quarantine as a tool of epidemic fight

2020 ◽  
pp. 180-195
Author(s):  
Renata E. Paliga
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Economic Balance ◽  
The 19Th Century

Until the 19th century, the factor causing epidemics was not known, and the escape from a place where it occurred as well as isolation of patients was considered to be the only effective way to avoid illness and death. Quarantine in a sense similar to modern times was used in 1377 in Ragusa, today’s Dubrovnik, during the plague epidemic. It was the first administratively imposed procedure in the world’s history. It was later used in Venice and other rich port cities in the Mediterranean. On the territory of today’s Poland, quarantine measures were used by the so-called Mayor of the Air – LukaszDrewno in 1623 during the plague epidemic in Warsaw. The quarantine left its mark on all areas of human activity. It affected all humanity in a way that is underestimated today. Throughout history, it has been described and presented visually. It is omnipresent in the world literature, art and philosophy. However, the isolation and closure of cities, limiting trade, had an impact on the economic balance, and the dilemma between the choice of inhabitants’ health and the quality of existence, i.e. their wealth, has been the subject of discussions since the Middle Ages. Since the end of the 19th century, quarantine has lost its practical meaning. The discovery of bacteria and a huge development of medical and social sciences allowed limiting its range. In the 20th century isolation and quarantine no longer had a global range, because the ability to identify factors causing the epidemic, knowledge about the incubation period, carrier, infectiousness, enabled the rational determination of its duration and territorial range. The modern SARS COV 2 pandemic has resulted in a global quarantine on a scale unprecedented for at least three hundred years. The aim of this paper is to present the history of quarantine from its beginning to the present day, including its usefulness as an epidemiological tool.

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