Complementarity in public and private intellectual property enforcement; implications for international standards

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 748-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Klein
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Investment Incentives ◽  
Public Enforcement ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Minimum Quality Standards ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Counterfeit Products ◽  
Ip Law

Abstract I examine the relationship between public enforcement of intellectual property (IP) rights and firm strategies to influence entry of non-deceptive counterfeit products: illegal copies of authentic goods purchased consciously by consumers. I assume that private enforcement investment determines the probability that a counterfeit entrant will be detected, while public investment determines the efficacy of the legal institutions responsible for enforcing IP law. Private and public enforcement serve distinct complementary roles, which combine to determine total IP protection in the economy. I show that differences in the investment incentives of the two entities that control enforcement lead to inefficiently low public investment in equilibrium. In this context, international efforts to impose stricter legal penalties against counterfeiters can be counterproductive: further reducing public enforcement and increasing counterfeit prevalence. In contrast, minimum quality standards can be implemented to better align incentives, encourage higher public enforcement, and reduce inefficiency.

scholarly journals Crowding-in or Crowding-out? Modelling the Relationship between Public and Private Fixed Capital Formation Using Co-integration Analysis: The Case of Pakistan 1964-2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed H. Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Unit Roots ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Relationship

This paper uses the Co-integrating VAR’s [Johansen (1988); Ericsson, et al. (1998)] to examine the relationship between economic growth, public investment, and private investment in the presence of unit roots. Exogeneity is not implicitly assumed but explicitly tested for, and evidence of co-integration and feedback between public and private investment leads to a model in the form of a parsimonious VAR. The analysis is conducted using 37 years of annual data for Pakistan. The analysis suggests that public investment has a positive impact on private investment, and that economic growth drives both private and public investment as predicted by the accelerator-based models.

scholarly journals The evolution of public and private investment in Zimbabwe

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Garikai Makuyana ◽  
NM Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Market Intervention ◽  
Business Confidence ◽  
High Level

This paper aims to put the spotlight on the evolution of both public and private investment in Zimbabwe, as they responded to the economic policies implemented from 1965 through to 2011. With the adopted inward-looking policy in 1965, the massive core of infrastructural growth in public investment became a catalyst to the high level of private investment growth. The perpetuated market-intervention policy in 1980 later resulted in the growth of public investment. Despite the adoption of a market economy in the 1990s, the envisaged cut in public investment did not occur. Very few State enterprises had been privatised by the year 2000; and there was a reversal to the market-intervention strategy during the period 2000 to 2011. Notwithstanding the government’s efforts to boost both private and public investment in Zimbabwe, the country still faces a number of challenges, as do many other African countries. These challenges include, amongst others: (i) The high national debt overhang; ii) low business confidence; (iv) liquidity constraints; (v) low industrial competitiveness; and (vi) an inadequate infrastructure.

scholarly journals Genetic Information, Privacy and Insolvency

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Janger
Keyword(s):  
Human Tissue ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Information Privacy ◽  
Private Benefit ◽  
Public Enforcement ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Private And Public

Biobanks hold out the prospect of significant public and private benefit, as genetic information contained in tissue samples is mined for information. However, the storing of human tissue samples and genetic information for research and/or therapeutic purposes raises a number of serious privacy and autonomy concerns. These concerns are compounded when one considers the possibility that a biobank or its owner might go bankrupt. Insolvency impairs the ability of enforcement regimes, and liability-based regimes in particular, to enforce legal norms. The goal of this essay is to develop guideposts for thinking about private and public enforcement of privacy imposed by donors on tissue samples and/or genetic information when a biobank becomes insolvent.

Who is in charge of security? Division oflabour between public and private security producers

2018 ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
N. A. Vasilenok ◽  
A. M. Yarkin
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Economics Of Crime ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Regional Data ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Set Up

This paper presents the first in the Russian literature review of research devoted to the roles of private and public investment in security in the economics of crime. We describe theoretical and empirical papers that deal with the strength of the deterrence and diversion effects, as well as the interaction between different security measures. Special attention is given to the roles that income inequality and institutional set-up play in the formation of the profile of security measures and the resulting distribution of crime. We also present empirical results based on the Russian regional data, which reveal a significant relationship between inequality and the ratio of private to public security measures, as well as substantial differences between more and less democratic regions.

The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in the Middle East

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Birnhack ◽  
Amir Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Middle East ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Palestinian Authority ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Local Law ◽  
Ip Law

The Eurocentric term “Middle East” captures the historical sources and emergence of intellectual property (IP) in this region. Early colonial influences had a long-lasting effect. In the mid-1990s the global replaced the colonial, imposing new demands. Both the colonial and globalized IP frameworks have allowed only a narrow leeway for the expression of local interests. This chapter explores the emergence and development of IP law in the Middle East as a case of a western legal transplant, and focuses on Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Instead of a technocratic doctrinal approach that compares local law to international standards and asks about “compliance,” it advocates a richer evaluation. In assessing IP laws against global standards, it suggests contextualizing the local law within the country’s larger legal framework to take into consideration its political economy, local and global politics, and unique cultural needs.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect effects of investment on community welfare

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baldric Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The People ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Despite the fact that the government is the main actor of economic development, it also invites private parties to be actively involved in the economic development. The main objective of public and private investment is economic development. But the ultimate goal of investment and economic development itself is to improve the welfare of the community. This study seeks to investigate the effect of private and public investment on economic growth. Furthermore, it also investigates the impact the investment on the community welfare either directly or indirectly through economic growth by way of analyzing the data on private and public investment, economic growth, and the human development index of local governments in Indonesia for the period from 2012 to 2016. Hypotheses were tested using PLS (Partial Least Squares). The results show that both private and public investment directly influence economic growth and indirectly affect the welfare of the people through economic growth. Direct test results also show the positive effect of economic growth on community welfare.

scholarly journals Economic impact of public R&D: an international perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Soete ◽  
Bart Verspagen ◽  
Thomas H.W Ziesemer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Public Research ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Positive Shock

Abstract Despite the fact that research and development (R&D) activities are carried out in most countries in public research institutes such as universities and public research organizations, there have been few studies that attempted to estimate the economic impact of such public investment in R&D. In this paper, we analyze the relations between total factor productivity (TFP) and public and private R&D as well as gross domestic product for a set of 17 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries using a vector-error-correction model. We find that for the period 1975–2014, investment in public R&D has had a clearly positive effect on TFP growth in the majority of countries analyzed. In simulations allowing for a permanent positive shock to public R&D, we observe a strong dynamic complementarity between the public and private (domestic) stocks of R&D for several countries. In countries where this complementarity is strong, the TFP effect of extra public R&D investments is also strong. A discriminant analysis shows that in countries with high complementarity between private and public R&D, the share of foreign funding of R&D performed in the business sector combined with a high business R&D intensity tends to be low. At the same time, the share of basic R&D in business R&D combined with a higher public R&D intensity tends to be higher in countries with strong complementarity.

Urban Transport

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José van
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Ride Sharing ◽  
The World ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Selection Mechanisms

Platformization affects the entire urban transport sector, effectively blurring the division between private and public transport modalities; existing public–private arrangements have started to shift as a result. This chapter analyzes and discusses the emergence of a platform ecology for urban transport, focusing on two central public values: the quality of urban transport and the organization of labor and workers’ rights. Using the prism of platform mechanisms, it analyzes how the sector of urban transport is changing societal organization in various urban areas across the world. Datafication has allowed numerous new actors to offer their bike-, car-, or ride-sharing services online; selection mechanisms help match old and new complementors with passengers. Similarly, new connective platforms are emerging, most prominently transport network companies such as Uber and Lyft that offer public and private transport options, as well as new platforms offering integrated transport services, often referred to as “mobility as a service.”

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