Estimating a non-neutral production function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Antonioli ◽  
Georgios Gioldasis ◽  
Antonio Musolesi
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Marginal Product ◽  
Labour Input ◽  
Innovative Firms ◽  
Heterogeneous Technologies ◽  
Heterogeneous Effect

Abstract In this article we estimate a production function that allows us to depart from the standard hypothesis of Hicks neutrality (HN) while also coping with the endogeneity of a dummy innovation variable. We consider specifications that relax HN, and we derive the testable conditions for common parametric approximations under which HN holds. The model is estimated using instrumental variable methods, allowing innovation to have a heterogeneous effect on the production process. The econometric analysis rejects HN and highlights three main features: a biased technical change (TC), with a higher ratio between the marginal product of labour and the marginal product of capital for innovative firms; a locally progressive TC; fully heterogeneous technologies when comparing innovative to non-innovative firms. We also address other issues, taking a closer look at the effect of process innovation and the role of sector heterogeneity and considering the potential endogeneity of labour input.

The Role of Gender in Biased Technical Change: U.S. Manufacturing, 1850–1919

1998 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1090-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Field-Hendrey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Common

Differential treatment of men and women in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century labor markets casts doubt on the common practice of adding male and female labor to create a single “labor” variable in the production function. This article shows that men and women must be disaggregated in the production function, and investigates the effects of inappropriate aggregation on the debate over the Habakkuk-Rothbarth labor scarcity hypothesis. With disaggregation, a female-using bias and an overall labor-using bias is found for the period 1850 through 1919. Technical change was male-neutral through 1900 and male-using thereafter.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF INNOVATION ON COMMERCIAL FARMS IN POLAND

AGROFOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa WÓJCIK ◽  
Tomasz KIJEK ◽  
Anna NOWAK
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Function Method ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Commercial Farms

Changes in relations between production factors necessitate surveys into theireffect on the total value of production. This paper aims to determine the extent towhich the involvement of production factors in the production process, in particularin connection with progress, that is, broadly interpreted innovation, had aninfluence on the value of production of specific size farms determined based oncropland area. The surveys were based on figures recorded for individualcommercial farms registered in the database of the Polish Farm Accountancy DataNetwork (FADN). It ensured the methodological uniformity of data used in thispaper. The analysis of the production process on farms was carried out by means ofthe Cobb-Douglas (C-D) production function method. The study makes it possibleto evaluate changes in the productivity of production factors on commercial farmsin years covered by the surveys. The flexibility of relations between totalproduction in PLN (Polish Zloty) and production factors, i.e. labour output in manhoursand total costs in PLN, was analyzed. Changes in the managementeffectiveness of commercial farms which occurred when Poland joined theEuropean Union were evaluated. According to the survey, the level of technicaland organisational progress was the highest on farms with the largest croplandarea, i.e. 30 =< 50 ha and more than 50 ha, as well as on farms with the smallestcropland area, i.e. less than 5 ha. The size of the farm sufficient to satisfy therequirement of farming products is 10=<20 ha of cropland and 20=<30 ha of cropland.

scholarly journals THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION AS AN ENGINE OF GROWTH

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Palivos ◽  
Giannis Karagiannis
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Marginal Product ◽  
General Production ◽  
Factor Substitution ◽  
Elasticity Of Factor Substitution

This paper characterizes the elasticity of factor substitution in one-sector convex growth models with a general production function. It shows that an elasticity of substitution that is asymptotically greater than unity is a sufficient (but not a necessary) condition for the existence of a lower bound on the marginal product of capital, which in turn can lead to unbounded endogenous growth. Hence, an elasticity of substitution that eventually becomes greater than unity can counteract the role of diminishing returns to capital. This renders factor substitution a powerful engine of growth.

Role of Research and Development in Sustaining Indian Agriculture: A Brief Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 396-401
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
Agriculture Development

Technology united with research and development has evolved as a grave differentiator of the agriculture sector in India including production, processing, and agriculture packing and marketing of given crops. Near about 50 percent of the Indian workforce was engaged in the agriculture sector but its share in GDP was only 14 percent, much lower in comparison to former. Though, certain agriculture items showed a steady annual increase in terms of kilograms per hectare. Agriculture transformed significantly over the past few decades but when it comes to investment in research and development there is a lot more which needs to be done. The paper analyzes the role of various research and development institutions in boosting the growth of the agriculture sector that helps in attaining sustainable agriculture development and self-sufficiency in the production process since independence. It also focusesed on the various issues faced by these development institutions. The findings unveiled that since independence a lot more was done to boost the research and development in the agriculture sector at both the center and state levels but a proper implementation of these policies along with transparency could bring more desirable outcomes than were gained at present.

GINS: A Global intensifier-based N-Gram sentiment dictionary

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Hamed Zargari ◽  
Morteza Zahedi ◽  
Marziea Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Sentiment Dictionary ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Heterogeneous Effect ◽  
Sentiment Word

Words are one of the most essential elements of expressing sentiments in context although they are not the only ones. Also, syntactic relationships between words, morphology, punctuation, and linguistic phenomena are influential. Merely considering the concept of words as isolated phenomena causes a lot of mistakes in sentiment analysis systems. So far, a large amount of research has been conducted on generating sentiment dictionaries containing only sentiment words. A number of these dictionaries have addressed the role of combinations of sentiment words, negators, and intensifiers, while almost none of them considered the heterogeneous effect of the occurrence of multiple linguistic phenomena in sentiment compounds. Regarding the weaknesses of the existing sentiment dictionaries, in addressing the heterogeneous effect of the occurrence of multiple intensifiers, this research presents a sentiment dictionary based on the analysis of sentiment compounds including sentiment words, negators, and intensifiers by considering the multiple intensifiers relative to the sentiment word and assigning a location-based coefficient to the intensifier, which increases the covered sentiment phrase in the dictionary, and enhanced efficiency of proposed dictionary-based sentiment analysis methods up to 7% compared to the latest methods.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact of R&D Intensity on Business Performance: Evidence from South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Hun Park ◽  
Jun-Hwan Park ◽  
Sujin Lee ◽  
Hyuk Hahn
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Innovative Firms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Knowledge Services

The role of R&D (research and development) intensity on the effect of knowledge services on the business performance of firms has been discussed by using PLS-SEM and PLS-MGA methods. Research groups were divided into two groups, innovative and non-innovative. Respondents were classified into innovative firms if their R&D intensity was over 3% and vice versa. PLS-SEM and PLS-MGA results were compared for two groups and valuable insights were extracted. For innovative firms, knowledge services seemed to be verified and processed by the decision makers and utilized to achieve their business performance. On the other hand, a large number of non-innovative firms seemed to have a stronger tendency to utilize knowledge services directly for their business without sufficient verification by the decision makers.

scholarly journals Product Complementarity in Production: The By-product Case

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Beattie ◽  
Stassen Thompson ◽  
Michael Boehlje
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Production Economics ◽  
Production Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Product Optimization

The product-product relationship has been a traditional subject of most production economics and farm management courses for the past two decades. Although the traditional examples of product-product optimization have come primarily from the agricultural production sector (e.g., legume-corn rotations and crop-livestock combinations), the concept is useful in analyzing the organization of any multi-product firm-including those firms which produce externalities in the form of environmental degradation.Three concepts or ideas usually are offered as giving rise to a positively sloped or complementary range on the product transformation surface-(l) one production process uses as an input a by-product of another production process, (2) one process uses quantities of a factor that are “surplus” to another, or (3) technical interaction (production function shifts) occurs.

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