scholarly journals LB9. Longitudinal antibody dynamics in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 through 6 months post-infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S805-S806
Author(s):  
Lauren E Gentles ◽  
Leanne P Kehoe ◽  
Katharine D Crawford ◽  
Kirsten Lacombe ◽  
Jane Dickerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Degree ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Index Reduction ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Multiple Blood ◽  
Immunocompromised State ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection elicits antibodies (Abs) that bind several viral proteins such as the spike entry protein and the abundant nucleocapsid (N) protein. We examined convalescent sera collected through 6 months (~24wks) post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in children to evaluate changes in neutralization potency and N-binding. Methods Outpatient, hospitalized, and community recruited volunteers < 18 years with COVID-19 were enrolled in a longitudinal study at Seattle Children’s Hospital. Analysis includes symptomatic and asymptomatic children with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who provided blood samples at approximately 4wks (range: 2-18wks, IQR:4-8wks) and 24 wks (range: 23-35wks, IQR:25-27wks) after diagnosis. We measured neutralizing Ab using an in-house pseudoneutralization assay and anti-N binding Ab using the Abbott Architect assay. Results Of 32 children enrolled between April 2020 and January 2021, 27 had no underlying immunocompromised state and 25 of these 27 children had symptomatic disease. Ten of 27 had a > 2-fold decrease neutralization titers between 4 and 24wks (most were < 10-fold); 12 had < 2-fold change; and 5 had neutralization titers that increased > 2-fold over time (Fig. 1A). All but one of these 27 children had detectable neutralizing activity at 24wks. Anti-N Abs were assessed for 25 children at 4wks and 17 children at 24wks (data pending for 14 samples); all children with paired samples had a > 1.75-fold Abbott index reduction at 24wks, and 5 children had no detectable anti-N Abs by 24wks (Fig. 2A). An additional 5 children with symptomatic disease had complicating immunosuppression or multiple blood transfusions; 2 had decreasing neutralizing titers, 2 increased, and 1 had no change (Fig. 1B). Anti-N Abs were undetectable for one child by 24wks (data pending for 4 samples) (Fig. 2B). No participants received COVID-19 vaccine. Figure 1. Pseusoneutralization titers in children over time. Figure 2. Nucleocapsid-binding antibody titers in children over time. Conclusion We show neutralizing Abs wane to a small degree over 24wks post-SARS-CoV-2 infection and remain detectable in most children. In contrast, anti-N Abs decreased, becoming undetectable in some children by 24wks. These findings add to understanding of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 immunity in children. * This study was supported by CDC BAA75D301-20-R-67897 Disclosures Jesse Bloom, PhD, Flagship Labs 77 (Consultant)Moderna (Consultant) Janet A. Englund, MD, AstraZeneca (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)GlaxoSmithKline (Research Grant or Support)Meissa Vaccines (Consultant)Pfizer (Research Grant or Support)Sanofi Pasteur (Consultant)Teva Pharmaceuticals (Consultant)

scholarly journals Reinfection Rates Among Patients Who Previously Tested Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M Sheehan ◽  
Anita J Reddy ◽  
Michael B Rothberg
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Protection afforded from prior disease among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is unknown. If infection provides substantial long-lasting immunity, it may be appropriate to reconsider vaccination distribution. Methods This retrospective cohort study of 1 health system included 150 325 patients tested for COVID-19 infection via polymerase chain reaction from 12 March 2020 to 30 August 2020. Testing performed up to 24 February 2021 in these patients was included. The main outcome was reinfection, defined as infection ≥90 days after initial testing. Secondary outcomes were symptomatic infection and protection of prior infection against reinfection. Results Of 150 325 patients, 8845 (5.9%) tested positive and 141 480 (94.1%) tested negative before 30 August. A total of 1278 (14.4%) positive patients were retested after 90 days, and 62 had possible reinfection. Of those, 31 (50%) were symptomatic. Of those with initial negative testing, 5449 (3.9%) were subsequently positive and 3191 of those (58.5%) were symptomatic. Protection offered from prior infection was 81.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76.6–85.8) and against symptomatic infection was 84.5% (95% CI, 77.9–89.1). This protection increased over time. Conclusions Prior infection in patients with COVID-19 was highly protective against reinfection and symptomatic disease. This protection increased over time, suggesting that viral shedding or ongoing immune response may persist beyond 90 days and may not represent true reinfection. As vaccine supply is limited, patients with known history of COVID-19 could delay early vaccination to allow for the most vulnerable to access the vaccine and slow transmission.

scholarly journals 108. Selective Decay of Intact HIV-1 Proviral DNA on Antiretroviral Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S183-S183
Author(s):  
Rajesh Gandhi ◽  
Joshua Cyktor ◽  
Ronald Bosch ◽  
Hanna Mar ◽  
Gregory Laird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Panel Member ◽  
Plasma Viremia ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Review Panel ◽  
Proviral Dna ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Residual Plasma Viremia ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background HIV-1 proviruses persist in people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) but most are defective and do not constitute a replication-competent reservoir. The decay of infected cells carrying intact compared with defective HIV-1 proviruses has not been well-defined in people on ART. Methods We separately quantified intact and defective proviruses (using an intact proviral DNA assay), residual plasma viremia, and markers of inflammation and activation in people on long-term ART. Longitudinal measurements were done at three timepoints: timepoint 1 was a median of 7.1 years on ART; timepoint 2 was a median of 3.7 years later; timepoint 3 was a median of 5.5 years after timepoint 1 and a median 12 years after starting ART (Figure 1). Figure 1: Study timepoints Results Among 40 participants tested longitudinally from a median of 7.1 years to 12 years after ART initiation, intact provirus levels declined significantly over time (median half-life 7.1 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9, 18), whereas defective provirus levels did not decrease. The median half-life of total HIV-1 DNA was 41.6 years (95% CI, 13.6, 75). When we evaluated the change in proviral DNA per year, intact proviral DNA declined significantly more (p< 0.001) than defective proviral DNA (the latter did not change) (Figure 2). The proportion of all proviruses that were intact diminished over time on ART, from about 10% at the first on-ART timepoint to about 5% at the last timepoint (Figure 3). At timepoint 1, intact provirus levels on ART correlated with total HIV-1 DNA and residual plasma viremia, but there was no evidence for associations between intact provirus levels and inflammation or immune activation. Figure 2: Percent change in HIV-1 proviral DNA per year Figure 3: Total HIV-1 proviruses (grey bars) and the percentage of intact proviruses (red lines, displaying median, Q1, Q3) by timepoint. Conclusion Cells containing intact, replication-competent proviruses are selectively lost during suppressive ART. Defining the mechanisms involved should inform strategies to accelerate HIV-1 reservoir depletion. Disclosures Rajesh Gandhi, MD, Merck (Advisor or Review Panel member) Gregory Laird, PhD, Accelevir Diagnostics (Shareholder, Other Financial or Material Support, Employee) Albine Martin, PhD, Accelevir Diagnostics (Shareholder, Other Financial or Material Support, Employee) Bernard Macatangay, MD, Gilead (Grant/Research Support) Joseph J. Eron, MD, Gilead Sciences (Consultant, Research Grant or Support)Janssen (Consultant, Research Grant or Support)Merck (Consultant)ViiV Healthcare (Consultant, Research Grant or Support) Janet Siliciano, PhD, Gilead (Advisor or Review Panel member)US Military HIV Research Program (Advisor or Review Panel member) John Mellors, MD, Abound Bio (Shareholder)Accelevir Diagnostics (Consultant)Co-Crystal Pharmaceuticals (Shareholder)Gilead (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Merck (Consultant)

LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-NUCLEOCAPSID IGG AFTER THE CONFIRMED COVID-19 IN NORTHERN CROATIAN POPULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Tamara Bezek ◽  
Petra Meliš ◽  
Bojana Kranjčec ◽  
Snježana Semenski ◽  
Kornelija Klenkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Blood Specimens ◽  
Northern Croatia ◽  
Time Point

BACKGROUND: This study longitudinally evaluated the IgG response against the N-protein after the onset of COVID19 infection. We determined the kinetics and magnitude of the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in conrmed COVID-19 patients who were the rst infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Krapina-Zagorje county in northern Croatia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 177 blood specimens from 51 patients who tested positive by PCR for COVID-19 and provided longitudinal blood samples over a duration of several months, allowing to evaluate the IgG response against the N-protein. SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay was interpreted as positive (ratio1.4 S/C) or negative (ratio<1.4 S/C). RESULTS: The majority of subjects (48/51) reported symptomatic disease. Among the 49 patients who underwent serological antibody testing at rst time point (median: 47 days), 47/49 were positive for IgG 6.02 (0.24-10.54 S/C), while at sixth time point (median: 275 days) 4/16 patients were positive for IgG, 9/16 were in grey zone, and 3/16 were negative. Using Wilcoxon statistical analysis we found statistically signicant decrease of SARS-CoV-2 N-protein IgG indices between the rst and the sixth time point (median signal to cut-off ratio, S/C, 8.18 IQR 6.91, 9.51 to 0.94 IQR 0.56, 1.18, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We claried the kinetics and magnitude of the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in conrmed COVID-19 patients. Our results provide critical evidence that N-protein IgG response persists in the majority of patients for at least six to eight months after COVID19 infection.

Serial Microbiota Analysis after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Child with Down's Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
Lisethe Meijer ◽  
Clementien Vermont ◽  
Andries Budding ◽  
Chris Mulder ◽  
Tim Meij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Microbiota Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Immunocompromised State ◽  
Over Time

AbstractFecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a very effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in adults. However, there is a paucity of data on FMT in children and associated microbiome changes in this particular group. We describe a child with Down's syndrome and intracranial malignancy, who received FMT for recurrent CDI. Detailed microbiota analysis before and after FMT, and pre- and post-recurrence, linked to microbial communities in the donor feces showed that the patient developed a unique microbiota profile after FMT which was very stable over time despite CDI recurrence and subsequent fidaxomicin therapy. Bacteroidetes were stably acquired from donor feces, while Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria were unique to the patient. The diversity of microbiota of the patient increased from a Shannon diversity index of 2.08 pre-FMT to 3.12 post-FMT. Our findings underscore that patients with Down's syndrome may well tolerate and benefit from FMT even in a severely immunocompromised state.

scholarly journals A.03 Cerebral perfusion and its relationship to post-concussion syndrome in mild traumatic brain injury: a prospective controlled cohort study

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (S2) ◽  
pp. S7-S7
Author(s):  
KM Barlow ◽  
LD Marcil ◽  
D Dewey ◽  
H Carlson ◽  
FP MacMaster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Perfusion ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
Symptomatic Group ◽  
Network Activation ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Over Time

Background: Persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS) have been linked to increased cortical network activation and decreased cerebrovascular reactivity. Decreased cerebral perfusion could help explain PCS and may be a biomarker to track recovery. Methods: Children (ages 8 to 18 years) symptomatic with PCS at one month post-injury were studied. Children who recovered following a mTBI (asymptomatic group) and healthy children acted as controls. Pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling MRI was used to quantify cerebral blood flow (CBF). All subjects were imaged at approximately 40 days post-injury. Symptomatic group underwent repeat neuroimaging 4-5 weeks later. Results: Seventy-two participants (14.1 years; 95% CIs: 13.5, 14.8) underwent neuroimaging at 40 days post-injury. Global CBF was significantly higher in the symptomatic group compared to healthy controls, and lower in the asymptomatic group (F(2,57) 9.734 p<0.001). Symptomatic children had increased CBF in the frontal and occipital regions, and asymptomatic children had decreased CBF in the temporal regions compared to healthy controls. CBF decreased in symptomatic children over time. CBF was a predictor of cognition (R2=0.235;p=0.001). Conclusions: Cerebral perfusion is altered in children with mTBI and is associated with recovery trajectory. Asymptomatic children had decreased CBF suggesting cerebral recovery is ongoing. Further longitudinal studies are required to determine if these perfusion patterns continue to change over time.

scholarly journals Vaccine effectiveness and duration of protection of Comirnaty, Vaxzevria and Spikevax against mild and severe COVID-19 in the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Andrews ◽  
Elise Tessier ◽  
Julia Stowe ◽  
Charlotte Gower ◽  
Freja Kirsebom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Comorbidity Status ◽  
Duration Of Protection ◽  
Over Time

Background COVID-19 vaccines have been used for 9 months in the UK. Real world data have demonstrated the vaccines to be highly effective against COVID-19, severe disease and death. Here, we estimate vaccine effectiveness over time since the second dose of Comirnaty, Vaxzevria and Spikevax in England. Methods We used a test-negative case-control design to estimate vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease, hospitalisation and mortality by age, comorbidity status and over time after the second dose to investigate waning separately for Alpha and Delta variants. Results Vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease peaked in the early weeks after the second dose and then fell to 47.3 (95% CI 45 to 49.6) and 69.7 (95% CI 68.7 to 70.5) by 20+ weeks against the Delta variant for Vaxzevria and Comirnaty, respectively. Waning of vaccine effectiveness was greater for 65+ year-olds compared to 40-64 year-olds. Vaccine effectiveness fell less against hospitalisations to 77.0 (70.3 to 82.3) and 92.7 (90.3 to 94.6) beyond 20 weeks post-vaccination and 78.7 (95% CI 52.7 to 90.4) and 90.4 (95% CI 85.1 to 93.8) against death for Vaxzevria and Comirnaty, respectively. Greater waning was observed among 65+ year-olds in a clinically extremely vulnerable group and 40-64-year olds with underlying medical conditions compared to healthy adults. Conclusions We observed limited waning in vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation and death more than 20 weeks post-vaccination with Vaxzevria or Comirnaty. Waning was greater in older adults and those in a clinical risk group, suggesting that these individuals should be prioritised for booster doses.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of a Myofunctional Appliance on Atypical Swallowing and Lip Strength: A Prospective Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2652
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Quinzi ◽  
Alessandro Nota ◽  
Eleonora Caggiati ◽  
Sabina Saccomanno ◽  
Giuseppe Marzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Functional Appliance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Stomatognathic System ◽  
Treatment Data ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Tongue Thrust ◽  
Over Time

Atypical swallowing needs treatment in order to eliminate harmful interferences of the tongue, which prevent the harmonious growth of the stomatognathic system. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a functional appliance on the presence of atypical swallowing, analyzing the lip strength and the altered facial mimics. The effects of a myofunctional appliance (the Froggy Mouth) were evaluated on 40 children (6 males; 24 females; mean age 9.6 ± 2.17) with atypical swallowing—with tongue thrust diagnosed by an expert orthodontist—before and during a 6 month treatment. Data were analyzed over time with a paired samples t-test for normally distributed data. After 6 months of treatment, 33 children out of 40 achieved clinical correction of atypical swallowing due to their good compliance, even at an early stage. Seven children showed low compliance and did not obtain any result. Lip strength in compliant subjects went from 190.30 ± 86.04 cN to 489.39 ± 123.36 cN (t = p < 0.001). Facial mimics improved in 28 out of 33 compliant subjects, and four children with the initial diagnosis of labial incompetence achieved correction. This observational study demonstrates the short-term efficacy of this myofunctional appliance in the treatment of atypical swallowing, achieving correction of the facial mimics and labial incompetence with a significant improvement of the lip strength.

scholarly journals Morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 post-vaccination breakthrough infections in association with vaccines and the emergence of variants in Bahrain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddhartha Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Comparative Effectiveness ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants across the world has raised concerns about the effectiveness of available COVID-19 vaccines that were designed against the original Wuhan (wild type) variant. Critical questions have arisen regarding: (a) the effectiveness of various vaccines in preventing infection, symptomatic disease, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death and (b) the magnitude and clinical consequences of post-vaccination infections in the context of emerging variants, especially the Delta variant of SARS-Cov2. While “real world” experiences with various vaccines have been reported, few have examined comparative effectiveness of various vaccines in one population, as new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged. Here we present an analysis of COVID-19 related outcomes from Bahrain, a country with a total population of 1.501 million, where four vaccines were deployed (total vaccinated =1,003,960), including Astra-Zeneca (AZ/Covishield), Pfizer/BioNtech, Sinopharm and Sputnik V. By analyzing individual histories of vaccinated versus unvaccinated cases, we provide a granular description of the effectiveness of the four vaccines, disease burden in unvaccinated versus vaccinated individuals over time, and the risk of four outcomes (infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions and deaths) due to breakthrough infections among vaccinated individuals. We conclude that the four vaccines were effective in reducing all four outcomes in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals, prior to, and during the period when the Delta variant became dominant in the country (May 2021 to the present). However, after censoring early vaccine recipients of Sinopharm vaccine, compared to Pfizer/BionTech recipients, individuals vaccinated with Sinopharm had a higher risk of post-vaccination infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions and deaths, especially in those > 50 years old. Our overall findings support the value of vaccination in preventing COVID-19 related events even with the advent of the Delta variant. These data support the urgent need to expand vaccination access around the world, and may serve to guide the choice of vaccines in the context of the Delta variant.

scholarly journals MO685PRESENCE OF SARS-COV-2 ANTIBODIES IN SPENT PERITONEAL DIALYSATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Wang ◽  
Nadja Grobe ◽  
Amrish Patel ◽  
Jaime Uribarri ◽  
Peter Kotanko
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysate ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background and Aims Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) elicits cellular and humoral immune responses. In patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 emerge within a few days and can be detected in several body fluids, such as serum and oral fluids. End Stage Kidney Disease patients are especially vulnerable in this pandemic as they are immunocompromised, putting them at higher risks of infection and impaired response to vaccines. While repeated blood draws in hemodialysis patients pose no substantial medical or logistic problems, the situation is different in those treated by peritoneal dialysis. To overcome that limitation, we explored the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in spent peritoneal dialysate in patients treated with acute and chronic peritoneal dialysis, respectively. Method We analyzed spent PD dialysate samples from four distinct patient groups, namely Pre-Covid-19 controls (Group 1; 15 samples collected between May 2019 and Feb 2020), Covid-19 negative controls during ongoing pandemic (Group 2; 33 samples collected between March and September 2020); chronic PD patients with confirmed Covid-19 (Group 3; 30 samples collected between March and September 2020,); and patients with confirmed Covid-19 and acute kidney injury treated with acute PD (Group 4; 18 samples collected in April 2020). SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer in spent PD dialysate was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting Nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus (MPBIO cat#: 08440100). Total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were measured using ELISA targeting recombinant N Protein and Spike protein (S Protein) (AFFYPRO Cat#: EA821). Absolute IgG concentration was calculated using IgG standard provided by the MPBIO ELISA kit. The total antibody titer was calculated as a relative value to the mean of antibody levels of COVID-19 negative patients. To account for different dialysate and ultrafiltration volumes, antibody titers were also normalized to total protein concentrations in the spent dialysate samples. The ratio of IgG or total antibody to total protein reflects the normalized titer. Results Normalized anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer in the four groups is illustrated in Figure 1A. The mean IgG/protein levels in Group 3 and Group 4 are 86-fold (p=0.023) and 220-fold (p=0.0003), respectively, above the mean IgG/protein levels in COVID negative patients (Group 1 and 2 combined). The discrimination between patients with and without COVID-19 is excellent (AUC 0.938). At a threshold of 0.0024%, the sensitivity and specificity are 89.6% and 97.9%, respectively (Figure 1B). Using same threshold as Figure 1B, in Group 3, 9 out of 11 patients had a positive IgG response in all samples. In 5 patients, IgG levels decreased over time. The mean normalized total antibody/protein levels in Group 3 and Group 4 are 7.3-fold and 24-fold above those in COVID negative patients (combined Group 1 and 2; both p&lt;0.001). Distribution pattern, ROC analysis, and dynamic change over time of total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are like those of IgG (Figure 1D-F). Conclusion Covid-19 serology tests can provide much information including diagnosis, immune response, local seroprevalence, et al. Currently, most of serology tests are done using blood-related specimens. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in spent PD dialysate. Presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in spent PD dialysate of peritoneal dialysis patients potentially provides a new way to perform frequent serology tests for this high-risk group. As USA is moving fast on national vaccination at this moment, using test strip developed for PD effluent to quickly and frequently check SARS-CoV-2 antibody in PD effluent could be used to monitor the vaccination efficiency while avoiding clinic visit.

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