scholarly journals Variation in SARS-CoV-2 bioaerosol production in exhaled breath

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renu Verma ◽  
Eugene Kim ◽  
Nicholas Degner ◽  
Katharine S Walter ◽  
Upinder Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Minute Period

Abstract We developed a simple, non-invasive mask sampling method to quantify and sequence SARS-CoV-2 from exhaled breath. We found substantial variation between individuals in SARS-CoV-2 copies exhaled over a 15-minute period, which moderately correlated with nasal swab viral load. Talking was associated with a median of 2 log10 greater exhaled viral copies. Exposure varies substantially between individuals but may be risk stratified by nasal swab viral load and whether the exposure involved conversation.

scholarly journals Variation in SARS-CoV-2 bioaerosol production in exhaled breath

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renu Verma ◽  
Eugene Kim ◽  
Nicholas Degner ◽  
Katharine S. Walter ◽  
Upinder Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Minute Period

Using face mask bioaerosol sampling, we found substantial variation between individuals in SARS-CoV-2 copies exhaled over a 15-minute period, which moderately correlated with nasal swab viral load. Talking was associated with a median of 2 log10 greater exhaled viral copies. Exposure varies substantially between individuals but may be risk stratified by nasal swab viral load and whether the exposure involved conversation.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Infections Diagnosis in Lung Transplant Recipients in Exhaled Breath Condensate

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. S63
Author(s):  
E. Ibáñez-Martínez ◽  
M. López-Nogueroles ◽  
M. Alcoriza-Balaguer ◽  
I. Pérez ◽  
M. Roca-Marugán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Transplant ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Lung Transplant Recipients ◽  
Breath Condensate

Indole as a new tentative marker in exhaled breath for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring of diabetic subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Fink ◽  
Tim Maihöfer ◽  
Jeffrey Bender ◽  
Jochen Schulat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Non Invasive

Abstract Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) is the most important part of diabetes management. In classical BGM, glucose measurement by test strips involves invasive finger pricking. We present results of a clinical study that focused on a non-invasive approach based on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. Main objective was the discovery of markers for prediction of blood glucose levels (BGL) in diabetic patients. Exhaled breath was measured repeatedly in 60 diabetic patients (30 type 1, 30 type 2) in fasting state and after a standardized meal. Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) was used to sample breath every 15 minutes for a total of six hours. BGLs were tested in parallel via BGM test strips. VOC signals were plotted against glucose trends for each subject to identify correlations. Exhaled indole (a bacterial metabolite of tryptophan) showed significant mean correlation to BGL (with negative trend) and significant individual correlation in 36 patients. The type of diabetes did not affect this result. Additional experiments of one healthy male subject by ingestion of lactulose and 13C-labeled glucose (n=3) revealed that exhaled indole does not directly originate from food digestion by intestinal microbiota. As indole has been linked to human glucose metabolism, it might be a tentative marker in breath for non-invasive BGM. Clinical studies with greater diversity are required for confirmation of such results and further investigation of metabolic pathways.

scholarly journals Prolonged Detection of SARS CoV2 RNA in Extracellular Vesicles in Nasal Swab RT-PCR Negative Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Debishree Subudhi ◽  
Sheetalnath Rooge ◽  
Swati Thangriyal ◽  
Reshu Aggarwal ◽  
Ekta Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Route Of Transmission

Background: There is a prolonged RT PCR positivity seen in COVID-19 infected patients up to 2 to 3 months. It is assumed that this virus is usually non-infective but there are hardly any study on the reactivation of this virus within the respiratory tract. We aim to investigate the presence of viral particles inside Extracellular vesicles (EV) and its role in underlying liver disease patients. Methods: SARS CoV2 nasal and throat swab RT-PCR positive n=78 {n=24(66.6%) chronic liver disease (CLD); n=52 (81.3%) non liver disease} n=5 RT PCR negative subjects (HC) were studied. SARS CoV2 patients were also followed up for day (d) 7, 14 and 28. Nasal swab [collected in viral transport media (VTM)] and plasma samples were investigated at each time point. Extracellular vesicles were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation. SARS CoV2 RNA was measured using qRT-PCR by Altona Real Star kit. Cellular origin of EV was confirmed using epithelial cells (Epcam+ CK19+ CDh1+), endothelial cells (CD31+CD45-), and hepatocytes (ASGPR+) surface markers by Flow cytometry. Results: The COVID19 patients {Mean age 54±23 years; 41 males} were having severity between moderate to severe. In patients with cirrhosis, the most common aetiology of liver disease was alcohol (MELD 22±8). In baseline RT-PCR positive patients, SARS-CoV2 RNA inside the EV was present in 64/74 (82%) patients with comparable viral load between VTM and EV (mean 1/CT 0.033±0.005 vs. 1/CT 0.029±0.014, p=ns). On follow-up at day 7, of the 24 patients negative for COVID19, 10 (41%) had persistence of virus in the EV (1/CT 0.028±0.004) and on day 14, 14 of 40 (35%) negative RT-PCR had EVs with SARS CoV2 RNA (1/CT 0.028±0.06). The mean viral load decreased at day7 and day14 in nasal swab from baseline (p=0.001) but not in EV. SARS-CoV2 RNA otherwise undetectable in plasma, was found to be positive in EV in 12.5% of COVID19 positive patients. Interestingly, significantly prolonged and high viral load was found in EV at day 14 in CLD COVID19 patients compared to COVID19 alone (p=0.002). The high cellular injury was seen in CLD COVID19 infected patients with significant high levels of EV associated with endothelial cells and hepatocytes than COVID19 alone (p=0.004; 0.001). Conclusion: Identification of SARS-CoV2 RNA in EV, in RT-PCR negative patients indicates persistence of infection for and likely recurrence of the infection. It is suggestive of another route of transmission as EV harbour SARS CoV2 RNA. EV associated RNA may determine the ongoing inflammation and clinical course of subjects with undetectable SARS-CoV2 virus and this may also have relevance in management of chronic liver disease patients.

scholarly journals Exhaled Breath Condensate pH as a Non-invasive Measure of Inflammation in Non-CF Bronchiectasis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Shoemark ◽  
R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Noninvasive Test ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Bronchial Inflammation ◽  
Breath Condensate ◽  
Ciliary Dyskinesia

Bronchiectasis is characterised by neutrophilic bronchial inflammation. Direct measurement of lung inflammation would be useful to assess disease activity, guide need for treatment, and monitor response. The aim of this study was to test whether exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH, a simple noninvasive test, provides a clinically useful measure of inflammation in the lungs of patients with bronchiectasis. 96 consecutively referred patients were studied when clinically stable, 20 followed up over two years, and a further 22 patients seen during an exacerbation. Subjects breathed tidally for 10 minutes into a condensing chamber (Ecoscreen, Erich Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany). pH in EBC was measured immediately using a pH probe. In a representative group of 25 patients samples were deaerated with argon gas. This was to control for variations in pH ex vivo by removing CO2. EBC was acidic in bronchiectasis patients () compared to controls () and primary ciliary dyskinesia patients (). pH was related to lung volume but not disease severity. Repeated measures show EBC pH changes with symptoms. EBC is further acidified during an exacerbation of bronchiectasis (), this acidification persists following treatment (). EBC pH is not sufficiently sensitive or specific to monitor patients' health status or provide information to inform acute treatment decisions.

scholarly journals Less Is Enough: Assessment of the Random Sampling Method for the Analysis of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Cristina Campi ◽  
Annalisa Pascarella ◽  
Francesca Pitolli
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Regularization Techniques ◽  
Ill Posed ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) aims at reconstructing the unknown neuroelectric activity in the brain from non-invasive measurements of the magnetic field induced by neural sources. The solution of this ill-posed, ill-conditioned inverse problem is usually dealt with using regularization techniques that are often time-consuming, and computationally and memory storage demanding. In this paper we analyze how a slimmer procedure, random sampling, affects the estimation of the brain activity generated by both synthetic and real sources.

scholarly journals A Sensor Platform for Athletes’ Training Supervision: A Proof of Concept Study

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zompanti ◽  
Sabatini ◽  
Santonico ◽  
Grasso ◽  
Gianfelici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sport Practice ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Partial Least Squares Method

One of the basic needs of professional athletes is the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of their activities. The use of these kind of data is necessary to develop strategies for specific tailored training in order to improve performances. The sensor system presented in this work has the aim to adopt a novel approach for the monitoring of physiological parameters, and athletes’ performances, during their training. The anaerobic threshold is herein identified with the monitoring of the lactate concentration and the respiratory parameters. The data collected by the sensor are used to build a model using a supervised method (based on the partial least squares method, PLS) to predict the values of the parameters of interest. The sensor is able to measure the lactate concentration from a sample of saliva and it can estimate a respiratory parameter, such as maximal oxygen consumption, maximal carbon dioxide production and respiratory rate from a sample of exhaled breath. The main advantages of the device are the low power; the wireless communication; and the non-invasive sampling method, which allow its use in a real context of sport practice.

scholarly journals Validity of a Portable Breath Analyser (AIRE) for the Assessment of Lactose Malabsorption

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aahana Shrestha ◽  
Utpal K. Prodhan ◽  
Sarah M. Mitchell ◽  
Pankaja Sharma ◽  
Matthew P.G. Barnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Lactose Malabsorption ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Digestive Health

Hydrogen (H2) measurement in exhaled breath is a reliable and non-invasive method to diagnose carbohydrate malabsorption. Currently, breath H2 measurement is typically limited to clinic-based equipment. A portable breath analyser (AIRE, FoodMarble Digestive Health Limited, Dublin, Ireland) is a personalised device marketed for the detection and self-management of food intolerances, including lactose malabsorption (LM). Currently, the validity of this device for breath H2 analysis is unknown. Individuals self-reporting dairy intolerance (six males and six females) undertook a lactose challenge and a further seven individuals (all females) underwent a milk challenge. Breath samples were collected prior to and at frequent intervals post-challenge for up to 5 h with analysis using both the AIRE and a calibrated breath hydrogen analyser (BreathTracker, QuinTron Instrument Company Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA). A significant positive correlation (p < 0.001, r > 0.8) was demonstrated between AIRE and BreathTracker H2 values, after both lactose and milk challenges, although 26% of the AIRE readings demonstrated the maximum score of 10.0 AU. Based on our data, the cut-off value for LM diagnosis (25 ppm H2) using AIRE is 3.0 AU and it is effective for the identification of a response to lactose-containing foods in individuals experiencing LM, although its upper limit is only 81 ppm.

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