Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review

Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.

Laparoscopy in diagnosis and complex treatm ent of malignant ovarian tumors

To study the possibilities of laparoscopy in diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumors 635 patients at different stages of the disease were examined. High informing characteristics make it possible to recommend laparoscopy as a method of improved diagnostics of tumors in smallpelvic with the aim of early revealingof malignant tumors, morphologic verification and evaluation of tumor extensiveness, diagnosis of preclinical recurrent tumors in case of diverse results of non-invasive monitoring methods.

Perioperative infusion therapy

Perioperative infusion support of surgical patients is the main and non-alternative element of treatment. At the same time, the tactics of infusion therapy continues to be the subject of study. Ideas about the optimal quantitative and qualitative composition of the fluid transfused to patients are being revised as ideas about the pathogenesis of critical conditions evolve. The basis of pathogenetic analysis of compensatory hemodynamic capabilities, as a point of application of infusion treatment, previously consisted mainly of invasive monitoring techniques, replaced in recent years by the control of routine parameters with proven high correlation with invasive ones. In current studies devoted to the problems of infusion correction of hemodynamic abnormalities, the most discussed issues are the applicability of isotonic and balanced polyionic crystalloids, less often colloidal solutions in various clinical situations, and the results of such studies do not always allow to unambiguously determine the choice of infusion media, and sometimes simply incomparable. Some researchers advocate the use of isotonic crystalloids, some works prove the best effectiveness of balanced salt solutions. With the volumes of treatment corresponding to the perioperative period, in most studies there are no differences in the effectiveness of the main composite groups of crystalloids at all. We see the reason for this in the peculiarities of randomization methods, when statistical limitations do not allow us to avoid discrete data analysis: their comparative grouping occurs according to the principle of selecting a target parameter, and all the others are classified as auxiliary or secondary. It seems to us that the involvement of arrays of data obtained in real clinical practice as a result of a combination of local theoretical and empirical ideas about corrective treatment regimens correlated with their effectiveness could smooth out the inconsistency of the results of such studies, especially since clinicians have a sample with a volemic load at their disposal, allowing them to predict the hemodynamic reaction of the patient's body to infusion and a set of routine parameters for more fine-tuning of therapy.

Diagnostic efficiency of monitoring methods of brain bioelectric activity in temporal lobe pharmacoresistant epilepsy

Background. The basis of pre-surgical neurophysiological examinations of patients with pharmaco-resistant structural epilepsy is the method of monitoring bioelectrical activity of the brain, video-electroencephalographic monitoring and, if indicated, long-term invasive monitoring.Objective. The goal of the study is to estimate the diagnostic efficacy of the methods used for monitoring of the brain bioelectric activity on the basis of longterm results of surgical treatment of patients with temporal structural pharmaco-resistant epilepsy.Design and methods. The study included 61 patients with temporal lobe pharmaco-resistant epilepsy, who were divided into two groups: performance of video-EEG monitoring only (33 patients) and the additional use of invasive monitoring for the localization of the epileptogenic zone (28 patients). Each group was divided into subgroups depending on the outcome of surgical treatment: patients, in whom seizures ceased (Engel 1) and patients in whom seizures persisted to some degree (Engel 2-3-4). Invasive monitoring with ictal event recording was chosen as the reference method to calculate diagnostic efficacy.Results. Invasive monitoring was performed as part of the pre-surgical evaluation of patients with temporal lobe pharmaco-resistant epilepsy with a higher sensitivity (72.7 %) and accuracy (82.4 %) than video-EEG monitoring (sensitivity 50 %, accuracy 45.9 %).Conclusion. In simple monofocal variants of structural epilepsy, video-EEG monitoring has a sufficient level of diagnostic efficiency. The phenomenon of neurophysiological phenotypes convergence is responsible for the reduced diagnostic efficacy of noninvasive and invasive monitoring.

Non-Invasive Monitoring of the Technical Condition of Power Units Using the FAM-C and FDM-A Electrical Methods

This article presents the selected results of analytical and structural work conducted at the Air Force Institute of Technology (pl. ITWL) in the field of building a measuring apparatus for non-invasive monitoring of the technical condition of aircraft power units. Presented innovative FAM-C and FDM-A methods allow for observation of frequency modulation parameters as well as identification and diagnostic classification of particular mechanical subassemblies supplying the on-board generator and thus enable non-invasive monitoring of technical condition of the aircraft power unit and the aircraft propulsion system. The main purpose of this article is to present the measurement apparatus errors that occur in the signal conditioning system in the FAM-C and FDM-A methods. In spite of the fact that the measuring instrument was built on the basis of digital technology and that it uses typical solutions of electronic frequency measurement, due to the specificity of the applied diagnostic method there occur specific measuring errors which are presented in this article.

Monitoring newt communities in urban area using eDNA metabarcoding

Newts are amphibians commonly present in small ponds or garden pools in urban areas. They are protected in many countries and their presence is monitored through visual observation and/or trapping. However, newts are not easy to spot as they are small, elusive and often hidden at the bottom of water bodies. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a popular tool for detecting newts, with a focus on individual species using qPCR assays. Here, we assess the effectiveness of eDNA metabarcoding compared to conventional visual surveys of newt diversity in 45 ponds within urban areas of Geneva canton, Switzerland. We designed newt-specific mitochondrial 16S rRNA primers, which assign the majority of amplicons to newts, and were able to detect four species known to be present in the region, including the invasive subspecies Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis, native to the Italian peninsula, that has been introduced in the Geneva area recently. The obtained eDNA results were congruent overall with conventional surveys, confirming the morphological observations in the majority of cases (67%). In 25% of cases, a species was only detected genetically, while in 8% of cases, the observations were not supported by eDNA metabarcoding. Our study confirms the usefulness of eDNA metabarcoding as a tool for the effective and non-invasive monitoring of newt community and suggests its broader use for the survey of newt diversity in urban area at larger scales.

Non-Invasive Skin Sampling Detects Systemically Administered Drugs in Humans

Clinical testing typically relies on invasive blood draws and biopsies. Alternative methods of sample collection are continually being developed to improve patient experience; swabbing the skin is one of the least invasive sampling methods possible. To show that skin swabs in combination with untargeted mass spectrometry (metabolomics) can be used for non-invasive monitoring of an oral drug, we report the kinetics and metabolism of diphenhydramine in healthy volunteers (n=10) over the course of 24 hours in blood and three regions of the skin. Diphenhydramine and its metabolites were observed on the skin after peak plasma levels, varying by compound and skin location, and is an illustrative example of how systemically administered molecules can be detected on the skin surface. The observation of diphenhydramine directly from the skin supports the hypothesis that both parent drug and metabolites can be qualitatively measured from a simple non-invasive swab of the skin surface. The mechanism of the drug and metabolites pathway to the skin surface remains unknown.