scholarly journals 1105. Vibriocidal Titer Variation and Likelihood of Protection in Children Compared With Adults in a Cholera Endemic Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S331-S331
Author(s):  
Alaina Ritter ◽  
Fahima Chowdhury ◽  
Rachel Becker ◽  
Taufiq Bhuiyan ◽  
Ashraful Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Training Grant

Abstract Background Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children less than 5 years old have the highest disease burden of cholera in endemic areas. While children develop serum vibriocidal antibody responses to cholera vaccines, they derive less protection from vaccination compared with adults. The aim of our study was to determine whether the vibriocidal immune responses to V. cholerae infection are equally accurate as markers of protection in all age groups. Methods Cholera patients and their household contacts, who are known to be at high risk of V. cholerae infection, were enrolled between 2001 and 2017 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Baseline vibriocidal titers were measured at the time of enrollment of household contacts, and participants were followed prospectively for development of V. cholerae infection. Results We studied 50 contacts < 5 years old (“young children”), 228 contacts 5–16 years old (“older children”), and 548 contacts > 16 years old (“adults”). The baseline serum vibriocidal titer was higher in contacts who remained uninfected from all age groups than in contacts who developed cholera during the follow-up period (young children: P = 0.0092; older children: P = 0.0003, adults: P = 0.0012). Conclusion We found that higher vibriocidal antibody titers were associated with protection against V. cholerae infection across all three age categories. These findings may help increase our understanding of the protective immune response against V. cholerae infection and have importance for future vaccine development strategies. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by Massachusetts General Hospital training grant T32AI007061. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Incidence of Infection of Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackieviruses A6 and A16 among Household Contacts of Index Cases in Dong Thap Province, Southern Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
C. Q. Hoang ◽  
H. D. Nguyen ◽  
N. X. Ho ◽  
T. H. T. Vu ◽  
T. T. M. Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Index Cases

Background. Scarce information exists about immunity to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) among household contacts of index cases in Vietnam and what that means for reducing ongoing HFMD transmission in the community. Methods. We analyzed neutralizing antibodies (NT) and the incidence of enterovirus (EVs) infection among household contacts of index cases in a province where HFMD remains endemic. Throat swab and 2 mL blood samples from household contacts were collected at enrollment, during and after 2 weeks follow-up. Results. The incidence of EV-A71 infection among household contacts was 40/84 (47.6%, 95% Cl: 36.9-58.3%), compared with 106/336 (31.5%, 95% Cl: 26.6-36.5%) for CV-A6 and 36/107 (33.6%, 95% Cl: 24.7-42.6%) for CV-A16. The incidence of CV-A6 infection was fairly constant across ages; in contrast, CV-A71 and CV-A16 had some variation across ages. At baseline, higher geometric mean titer (GMT) of EV-A71, CV-A6, and CV-A16 antibody titers was found for 25-34-year groups (range 216.3 to 305.0) compared to the other age groups. There was a statistically significant difference in GMT values of CV-A6 and CV-A16 between those who had an infection or did not have infection among households with an index case of these serotypes. Conclusions. Our results indicated that adults were becoming infected with HFMD and could be contributing to the transmission. There is, therefore, a need for considering the household setting as an additional target for intervention programs for HFMD.

Instruction Helps and Hinders Young Children’s Feature Learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Kalish ◽  
Nigel Noll
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Feature Learning ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Prediction Task ◽  
Feature Correlation ◽  
The Future

Existing research suggests that adults and older children experience a tradeoff where instruction and feedback help them solve a problem efficiently, but lead them to ignore currently irrelevant information that might be useful in the future. It is unclear whether young children experience the same tradeoff. Eighty-seven children (ages five- to eight-years) and 42 adults participated in supervised feature prediction tasks either with or without an instructional hint. Follow-up tasks assessed learning of feature correlations and feature frequencies. Younger children tended to learn frequencies of both relevant and irrelevant features without instruction, but not the diagnostic feature correlation needed for the prediction task. With instruction, younger children did learn the diagnostic feature correlation, but then failed to learn the frequencies of irrelevant features. Instruction helped older children learn the correlation without limiting attention to frequencies. Adults learned the diagnostic correlation even without instruction, but with instruction no longer learned about irrelevant frequencies. These results indicate that young children do show some costs of learning with instruction characteristic of older children and adults. However, they also receive some of the benefits. The current study illustrates just what those tradeoffs might be, and how they might change over development.

Why does relational binding improve across early childhood? Testing the effects of interference and sleep-filled delays

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Benear ◽  
Chi Ngo ◽  
Ingrid R. Olson ◽  
Nora Newcombe
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Spatiotemporal Information ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Over Time

Episodic memory consists of distinctive experiences, with specific spatiotemporal information about what happened maintained over time. These memories typically share overlapping elements in distinctive combinations. In this study, we evaluated: (1) whether overlapping elements pose a differential challenge for younger children; and (2) whether a sleep-filled delay stabilizes or even improves children’s episodic memories, and if so, whether effects vary by age. We compared memory for unique and overlapping pairs of visual stimuli, presented once to 4- and 6-year-old children, tested immediately and after a 24-hour delay. As expected, older children outperformed younger children, and both age groups performed worse on overlapping pairs. However, overlapping elements were not differentially problematic for young children, and a sleep-filled delay in testing resulted in decrements in memory performance, for both age groups on both pair types. Despite overall differences in accuracy, important aspects of episodic memory are similar across this key developmental period.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Dysfunction in Infant and Toddler Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Lebbink ◽  
T.p Ringers ◽  
A.y.n. Schouten-van Meeteren ◽  
L van Iersel ◽  
S.c Clement ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Childhood Brain Tumor ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Pituitary Dysfunction ◽  
Frequent Use

Objective Childhood brain tumor survivors (CBTS) are at risk to develop hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) dysfunction (HPD). The risk for HPD may vary between different age groups due to maturation of the brain and differences in oncologic treatment protocols. Specific studies on HPD in infant brain tumor survivors (infant-BTS, 0-1 years at diagnosis) or toddler brain tumor survivors (toddler-BTS, ≥1-3 years) have not been performed. Patients and Methods A retrospective nationwide cohort study in CBTS was performed. Prevalence and risk factors for HPD were compared between infant-, toddler- and older-BTS. Subgroup analysis was performed for all non-irradiated CBTS (n=460). Results In total 718 CBTS were included, with a median follow-up time of 7.9 years. Overall, despite less frequent use of radiotherapy (RT) in infants, no differences in prevalence of HPD were found between the three groups. RT (OR 16.44; 95%CI 8.93 to 30.27), suprasellar tumor location (OR 44.76; 95%CI 19.00 to 105.49) and younger age (OR 1.11; 95%CI 1.05 to 1.18) were associated with HP dysfunction. Infant-BTS and toddler-BTS showed more weight gain (p<0.0001) and smaller height SDS (p=0.001) during follow-up. In non-irradiated CBTS, infant-BTS and toddler-BTS were significantly more frequently diagnosed with TSH-, ACTH- and ADH deficiency, compared to older-BTS. Conclusion Infant and toddler brain tumor survivors seem to be more vulnerable to develop HP dysfunction than older children. These results emphasize the importance of special infant- and toddler brain tumor treatment protocols and the need for endocrine surveillance in children treated for a brain tumor at young age.

Differences in Cyto- and Molecular Genetic Abnormalities between Children <2 Years and Older Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1830-1830
Author(s):  
Brian V. Balgobind ◽  
Iris H. Hollink ◽  
Dirk Reinhardt ◽  
Jutta Bradtke ◽  
Andrea Teigler-Schlegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Karyotype ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Ras Mutations ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract Young children (defined as &lt;2 years old) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) do not differ in outcome when compared with older children with AML. Previously, distinct cytogenetic aberrations specific for AML in young children have been reported, such as t(7;12), and t(1;22), which is found exclusively in FAB M7. Moreover, young children with AML are characterized by a high frequency of 11q23-rearrangements. However, so far, no information is available on differences in the molecular genetic background of these two age groups. We therefore retrospectively investigated the distribution of different cytogenetic and molecular aberrations in a large cohort (n=435) of pediatric AML cases, of which 75 (17%) were young children. The predominant cytogenetic aberration in infant AML consisted of 11q23-rearrangements, which occurred in 44% of young children versus 17% in older children (p=&lt;0.005), without differences in the distribution of 11q23-translocation partners. We also found significant differences in other cytogenetic subgroups of AML between young and older children, i.e. normal karyotype, 5% vs. 18%, respectively (p=0.008) and complex karyotype, 12% vs. 5% (p=0.03). t(7;12) (n=3) and t(8;16) (n=3) were only detected in young children, in contrast to t(15;17) (n=16) and t(8;21) (n=44), which were only seen in older children. Patients were also screened for molecular abnormalities, including the mutational hotspots of c-KIT (n=229), FLT3 (n=230), N-RAS (n=187), K-RAS (n=187), PTPN11 (n=216), MLL-partial tandem duplications (MLL-PTD) (n=240) and NPM1 (n=291). In the overall cohort, a significantly different age distribution was found for NPM1 mutations (0% young vs. 9% in older children; p=0.05) and FLT3-ITD (0% vs. 21%, respectively; p=0.005). Mutations in the other genes showed no clear correlation with age. Several non-random associations between molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities were detected. 89% of c-KIT mutations were associated with core-binding factor AML in children ≥2 years old. In young children, 2/4 c-KIT-mutated cases were associated with an MLL-rearrangement. NPM1 and FLT3-ITD mutations in older children were significantly correlated with normal karyotype AML (57% of NPM1 mutations, and 75% of FLT3/ITD; p=&lt;0.005). In young children, 71% of RAS mutations were associated with an 11q23-rearrangement vs. 28% in older children (p=0.08). In older children however, 41% of the RAS mutations were associated with a normal karyotype. These data suggest that young children with AML are characterized by differences in the type and frequency of cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities when compared with older children with AML, possibly reflecting differences in underlying biology between these age-groups. These differences may become clinically relevant in the era of molecularly targeted therapy.

scholarly journals Interferon gene expression as marker of immune maturation and response to vaccination

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S61-S61
Author(s):  
Raquel Giacomelli Cao ◽  
Bennett Smith ◽  
Eleonora Bunsow ◽  
Santtu Heinonen ◽  
Sara Mertz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Board Member ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Transcriptional Profiles ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Interferon Gene ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Interferons (IFN) play a major role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies in adults and older children demonstrated significant correlations between IFN gene expression and antibody responses to influenza vaccines. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the role of IFN in the ontogeny of the infant immune system and how they affect the immune response to vaccines in this population. Our objective with this study is to define longitudinal age-related changes in interferon gene expression and the changes induced by routine vaccinations. Methods We enrolled 2 cohorts of healthy children: 81 children aged &lt; 2 years evaluated at one-time point to assess age-dependent changes in IFN gene expression; and 47 &lt; 1 year olds evaluated at three times, before vaccination (day (d) 0) and d7 and d30 post-vaccination. Peripheral blood samples were collected to measure: (a) immune transcriptional profiles by microarrays; (b) immune cell populations by flow cytometry, and (c) antibody titers to PCV13, Hib and DTaP in the vaccination cohort. Results Analysis of first cohort demonstrated significant underexpression of IFN genes (n = 120) in infants aged &lt;6 months compared with those 12–24 months. By 9 months IFN expression was similar to the older children. IFN gene expression correlated with the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes across all age groups. The second cohort was evaluated at three time points (d0, d7, and d30) during routine vaccinations at 2, 6, and 12 months. We compared transcriptional profiles post-vaccination with d0 for each group and observed consistent overexpression of IFN-related genes at d7 in the three age groups. In 2-month-old infants, we observed significant correlations between IFN genes (TAP1, IFIT1/2/3, OASL and GBP1) at d0 (before vaccination) and increase in antibody titers of the three vaccines analyzed (r = 0.5–0.7; P &lt; 0.05). Among the top 15 genes who have the most significant correlations, eight are exclusively induced by type I IFN, six by type II IFN, and one is shared between the two types. Conclusion IFN gene expression at baseline is markedly reduced in infants &lt;6 months. Routine vaccines were associated with marked increased in IFN gene expression at 2, 6, and 12 months. Baseline IFN expression at 2 months correlated with antibody responses to vaccines. Disclosures O. Ramilo, Abbvie: Board Member, Consulting fee; Regeneron: Board Member, Consulting fee; Janssen: Board Member and Investigator, Consulting fee and Research grant; NIH: Grant Investigator, Research grant

scholarly journals Comparison of Memory B Cell, Antibody-Secreting Cell, and Plasma Antibody Responses in Young Children, Older Children, and Adults with Infection Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa in Bangladesh

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Leung ◽  
Mohammad Arif Rahman ◽  
M. Mohasin ◽  
M. Asrafuzzaman Riyadh ◽  
Sweta M. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Secreting Cell ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antibody Secreting Cell ◽  
Plasma Antibody

ABSTRACTChildren bear a large component of the global burden of cholera. Despite this, little is known about immune responses to cholera in children, especially those under 5 years of age. Cholera vaccine studies have demonstrated lower long-term protective efficacy in young children than in older children and adults. Memory B cell (MBC) responses may correlate with duration of protection following infection and vaccination. Here we report a comparison of immune responses in young children (3 to 5 years of age;n= 17), older children (6 to 17 years of age;n= 17), and adults (18 to 60 years of age;n= 68) hospitalized with cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We found that young children had lower baseline vibriocidal antibody titers and higher fold increases in titer between day 2 and day 7 than adults. Young children had higher baseline IgG plasma antibody levels toVibrio choleraeantigens, although the magnitudes of responses at days 7 and 30 were similar across age groups. As a surrogate marker for mucosal immune responses, we assessed day 7 antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses. These were comparable across age groups, although there was a trend for older age groups to have higher levels of lipopolysaccharide-specific IgA ASC responses. All age groups developed comparable MBC responses toV. choleraelipopolysaccharide and cholera toxin B subunit at day 30. These findings suggest that young children are able to mount robust vibriocidal, plasma antibody, ASC, and MBC responses againstV. choleraeO1, suggesting that under an optimal vaccination strategy, young children could achieve protective efficacy comparable to that induced in adults.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Dysfunction in Infant and Toddler Brain Tumor Survivors

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A719-A719
Author(s):  
Chantal A Lebbink ◽  
Tiara P Ringers ◽  
Antoinette Y N Schouten-van Meeteren ◽  
Laura van Iersel ◽  
Sarah C Clement ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Childhood Brain Tumor ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Pituitary Dysfunction ◽  
Oncologic Treatment

Abstract Background: Childhood brain tumor survivors (CBTS) are at risk for hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) dysfunction, mainly caused by radiation exposure or tumor involvement of the HP-region. The risk for HP dysfunction (HPD) may vary between different age groups due to maturation of the brain and differences in oncologic treatment protocols. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HPD in infant (IBTS) and toddler brain tumor survivors (TBTS) compared to older childhood brain tumor survivors (OCBTS). Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis in a nationwide cohort of CBTS was performed. Prevalence and risk factors for HPD were compared between IBTS (aged 0-1 years at diagnosis), TBTS (aged 1-3 years at diagnosis) and OCBTS (aged &gt;3-18 years at diagnosis). Results: In 718 included CBTS, with a median follow-up time of 7.9 years, overall no differences in percentage of HPD were found between the three age groups. Treatment with radiotherapy (RT) (OR 15.41; 95%CI 8.33 to 28.48), suprasellar tumor location (OR 46.62; 95%CI 19.64 to 110.66) and younger age (OR 1.09; 95%CI 1.02 to 1.15) were associated with HP dysfunction. Because IBTS were significantly less often treated with RT, subanalyses were performed for all CBTS not treated with radiation (n=459). In non-irradiated CBTS, IBTS and TBTS were significantly more frequently diagnosed with TSH-, ACTH- and ADH deficiency, compared to ECBTS. IBTS and TBTS showed significantly more weight gain (p&lt;0.0001) and smaller height SDS (p=0.001) during follow-up. Conclusion: Infant and toddler brain tumor survivors seem to be more vulnerable to develop HP dysfunction than when compared to older children. These results emphasize the importance of special infant and toddlers brain tumor treatment protocols and endocrine surveillance in children treated for a brain tumor at young age.

scholarly journals Incidence of atrial septal defects in children attended the Cardiac Center of Ethiopia during January 2016 to December 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdu Hassen Musa ◽  
Mekbeb Afework ◽  
Mohammed Bedru ◽  
Shibikom Tamirat ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Surgical Closure ◽  
Septal Defects ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Echocardiographic Findings ◽  
Cardiac Center ◽  
Infants And Young Children

AbstractBackgroundAlthough it appears that an atrial septal defect (ASD) occurs frequently in Ethiopia there are only a few published studies available so far on this matter. This study is therefore aimed to evaluate the prevalence and echocardiographic characteristics of ASDs in children (aged ≤ 15 years) attended a cardiac referral center in Ethiopia.MethodsThis retrospective study reviewed the sociodemographic data and the initial echocardiographic findings of the children with ASDs who were diagnosed at the Cardiac Center of Ethiopia (CCE), Addis Ababa, from January 2016 to December 2018.ResultsA total of 116 children (56.9% females and 43.1% males) with a mean age of 3.47± 3.72 years (range: 15 days to 15 years) were diagnosed with ASDs. The most prevalent age groups were infancy (50%) and early childhood (29.3%). All the studied cases were diagnosed with ostium secundum ASD while there were no cases with ostium primum, sinus venosus and coronary sinus defects. The most frequent ostium secundum ASD was large size (61.2%) and was more frequent in infants (23.3%) and young children (21.6% of all cases).ConclusionOstium secundum ASD is the most prevalent IAS defect and more common among female cases. Large size ostium secundum ASD is more frequent in the studied children and is more prevalent in infants and young children. This survey may provide data for the currently lacking statistics on ASDs at the CCE and might be helpful for the management and follow-up of children with ASDs. Scheduled follow-up and intervention studies are required to evaluate the incidence and patterns of spontaneous and surgical closure of ASD and their outcomes.

Candy Cigarettes: Do They Encourage Children's Smoking?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Klein ◽  
Billie Forehand ◽  
Janice Oliveri ◽  
Charlotte J. Patterson ◽  
Janis B. Kupersmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Children's Attitudes ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Attitudes Toward Smoking

Candy and bubble gum cigarettes are packaged to resemble cigarette brands, and so they may encourage young children to smoke. Two studies of the role of these products in the development of children's attitudes and behaviors toward smoking were conducted. In the first study, six focus group interviews were conducted with 25 children in three age groups (4 through 5, 6 through 8, and 9 through 11 years old). Children in each group were shown five candy and snack foods and asked about their opinions and experiences with each item. In the second study, 195 seventh-grade students in a southeastern city school system were surveyed about their cigarette smoking and candy cigarette use. In the focus groups, candy cigarettes were recognized by most children. Young children played with the candy cigarettes more than with other candy or snack items and made general references to smoking behaviors. Older children made favorable references to smoking behavior; most knew which stores sold candy cigarettes, and many had chosen to buy and use these items, despite parental disapproval. Candy cigarettes may play a role in the development of children's attitudes toward smoking as an acceptable, favorable, or normative behavior. Elimination of these products should be part of efforts to prevent initiation of smoking by children.

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