Instruction Helps and Hinders Young Children’s Feature Learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Kalish ◽  
Nigel Noll
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Feature Learning ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Prediction Task ◽  
Feature Correlation ◽  
The Future

Existing research suggests that adults and older children experience a tradeoff where instruction and feedback help them solve a problem efficiently, but lead them to ignore currently irrelevant information that might be useful in the future. It is unclear whether young children experience the same tradeoff. Eighty-seven children (ages five- to eight-years) and 42 adults participated in supervised feature prediction tasks either with or without an instructional hint. Follow-up tasks assessed learning of feature correlations and feature frequencies. Younger children tended to learn frequencies of both relevant and irrelevant features without instruction, but not the diagnostic feature correlation needed for the prediction task. With instruction, younger children did learn the diagnostic feature correlation, but then failed to learn the frequencies of irrelevant features. Instruction helped older children learn the correlation without limiting attention to frequencies. Adults learned the diagnostic correlation even without instruction, but with instruction no longer learned about irrelevant frequencies. These results indicate that young children do show some costs of learning with instruction characteristic of older children and adults. However, they also receive some of the benefits. The current study illustrates just what those tradeoffs might be, and how they might change over development.

scholarly journals 1105. Vibriocidal Titer Variation and Likelihood of Protection in Children Compared With Adults in a Cholera Endemic Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S331-S331
Author(s):  
Alaina Ritter ◽  
Fahima Chowdhury ◽  
Rachel Becker ◽  
Taufiq Bhuiyan ◽  
Ashraful Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Training Grant

Abstract Background Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children less than 5 years old have the highest disease burden of cholera in endemic areas. While children develop serum vibriocidal antibody responses to cholera vaccines, they derive less protection from vaccination compared with adults. The aim of our study was to determine whether the vibriocidal immune responses to V. cholerae infection are equally accurate as markers of protection in all age groups. Methods Cholera patients and their household contacts, who are known to be at high risk of V. cholerae infection, were enrolled between 2001 and 2017 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Baseline vibriocidal titers were measured at the time of enrollment of household contacts, and participants were followed prospectively for development of V. cholerae infection. Results We studied 50 contacts < 5 years old (“young children”), 228 contacts 5–16 years old (“older children”), and 548 contacts > 16 years old (“adults”). The baseline serum vibriocidal titer was higher in contacts who remained uninfected from all age groups than in contacts who developed cholera during the follow-up period (young children: P = 0.0092; older children: P = 0.0003, adults: P = 0.0012). Conclusion We found that higher vibriocidal antibody titers were associated with protection against V. cholerae infection across all three age categories. These findings may help increase our understanding of the protective immune response against V. cholerae infection and have importance for future vaccine development strategies. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by Massachusetts General Hospital training grant T32AI007061. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Young children and adults associate social power with indifference to others' needs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Frank Terrizzi ◽  
Amanda Woodward ◽  
Jonathan Sage Beier
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Vertical Relationships ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
The Future

In hierarchical societies, what do we expect from people at the top? Early in life, children use horizontal relationships (e.g., affiliation) to predict selectivity in others’ prosocial behavior. But it is unknown whether they also view asymmetries in prosocial behavior as characteristic of vertical relationships (e.g., differences in social power). In two experiments, we investigated 4- to 7-year-old children’s and adults’ (N = 192) intuitions about links between relative authority status, helpful action, and unhelpful inaction. In Experiment 1, participants at all ages viewed a character who chose not to help another person as holding a position of authority over them; they also viewed this unhelpful character as less nice than the person in need. However, no age group made consistent inferences about the relative authority of a helper and helpee. In Experiment 2, children had mixed intuitions when separately predicting whether high- and low-authority characters would be helpful in the future. However, older children and adults consistently indicated that a subordinate would be more likely than an authority to help a third party. These findings establish that children’s social theories include expectations for links between power and prosociality by at least the preschool years. Whereas some judgments in this domain are stable from 4 years onward, others emerge gradually. Whether consistent responses occurred early or only later in development, however, all measures converged on a single intuition: People more easily associate authority with indifference to others’ needs.

Young Children are Sensitive to Task Context When Learning Predictive Patterns

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Kalish ◽  
Anne Riggs ◽  
Nigel Noll
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Learn Task

Previous research suggests that young children often fail to preferentially learn task-relevant over task-irrelevant information, suggesting they may learn the same thing regardless of the task context. To investigate this hypothesis, two hundred and ninety-five children ranging from four- to eight-years old learned to predict patterns of features (e.g., eyes, noses) of novel faces in four task contexts. Results demonstrate that young children do in fact tailor what they are learning to specific task demands. When tasks required participants to learn a single predictive pattern, they learned that one pattern well but not other equally reliable patterns (e.g., pick mouths given eyes, but not noses given hats). However, when tasks allowed or required attention to multiple patterns, only older children showed evidence of learning any of the patterns. Thus, for young children, focusing on one thing compromises their ability to learn other things, but trying to learn too much at once may mean learning nothing. These results demonstrate tradeoffs between broad and narrow learning, that may be especially severe for younger children.

I doveri della moglie secondo gli insegnamenti di alcuni predicatori e scrittori tardomedievali

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Future

The society of medieval Europe had specific expectations for marriageable girls. From an early age girls were taught how to be wives and mothers, for example by being entrusted with the care of their younger siblings. The girls learned everything they would need in the future by observation. According to the teachings of preachers and writers at the time, girls, irrespective of their social status, were not meant to remain idle, as there were fears that with too much free time on their hands, they might spend it contemplating their looks, practising gestures that were to attract the attention of men or spending time alone in the streets and squares, thus exposing themselves to a variety of dangers. A wife was expected to bear a lot of children, preferably boys, because the mortality rate among young children was high at the time. Wifely duties also included raising children, at least until they were taken over by, for example, a tutor hired by the father, managing the household and ensuring every possible comfort for the husband. As Gilbert of Tournai noted, it was the mother who was expected to bring up the children in faith and to teach them good manners. The duties of the wife obviously depended on her social standing — different duties were expected from the wives of noblemen than from women lower down on the social ladder, who often had to help their husbands, in addition to doing everyday chores.

scholarly journals Unilateral lateral rectus recession is an effective surgery for intermittent exotropia in young children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriel Spierer ◽  
Abraham Spierer
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Lateral Rectus ◽  
Intermittent Exotropia ◽  
Age At Surgery ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Consecutive Esotropia

Abstract Background Different surgical methods have been suggested for the correction of intermittent exotropia. Unilateral lateral rectus recession has been described as a surgical alternative for small and moderate-angle exotropia. In general, previous studies did not focus on the outcomes of unilateral lateral rectus recession in young children with intermittent exotropia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the surgical outcomes of unilateral lateral rectus recession in the treatment of moderate-angle exotropia (≤ 25 PD (prism diopters)) in children. Methods The charts of all patients younger than 12 years of age with moderate-angle exotropia (up to 25 PD) who were operated during the years 2006–2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-eight patients underwent unilateral lateral rectus recession and had a minimum follow up of 6 months. The angle of exotropia (PD) before and after surgery and the success rate were documented. Results Mean age at surgery was 6.4 ± 1.9 (range 3.5–11.0) years. Exotropia improved from a preoperative angle of 21.4 ± 4.0 PD to 3.5 ± 5.9 PD postoperatively (p < 0.001). Success rate, defined as deviation of ≤ 10 PD, was achieved in 86.2%. There were 2 (3.4%) cases of overcorrection (consecutive esotropia). There were no intra- or postoperative complications. The mean follow-up duration after surgery was 2.3 ± 1.7 years. Conclusions In children with moderate angle exotropia, good postoperative success rate was achieved by performing unilateral lateral rectus recession.

scholarly journals Multilab Direct Replication of Flavell, Beach, and Chinsky (1966): Spontaneous Verbal Rehearsal in a Memory Task as a Function of Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 251524592110181
Author(s):  
Emily M. Elliott ◽  
Candice C. Morey ◽  
Angela M. AuBuchon ◽  
Nelson Cowan ◽  
Chris Jarrold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Verbal Rehearsal ◽  
Picture Memory ◽  
Spontaneous Production

Work by Flavell, Beach, and Chinsky indicated a change in the spontaneous production of overt verbalization behaviors when comparing young children (age 5) with older children (age 10). Despite the critical role that this evidence of a change in verbalization behaviors plays in modern theories of cognitive development and working memory, there has been only one other published near replication of this work. In this Registered Replication Report, we relied on researchers from 17 labs who contributed their results to a larger and more comprehensive sample of children. We assessed memory performance and the presence or absence of verbalization behaviors of young children at different ages and determined that the original pattern of findings was largely upheld: Older children were more likely to verbalize, and their memory spans improved. We confirmed that 5- and 6-year-old children who verbalized recalled more than children who did not verbalize. However, unlike Flavell et al., substantial proportions of our 5- and 6-year-old samples overtly verbalized at least sometimes during the picture memory task. In addition, continuous increase in overt verbalization from 7 to 10 years old was not consistently evident in our samples. These robust findings should be weighed when considering theories of cognitive development, particularly theories concerning when verbal rehearsal emerges and relations between speech and memory.

scholarly journals Gratification Disorder Associated With Perineal Irritation in Young Children: Management and Short-Term Outcome

2021 ◽  
pp. 263183182110233
Author(s):  
Sherina Moktan ◽  
Utkarsh Karki ◽  
Isha Bista ◽  
Narmada Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
General Physical Examination ◽  
Videotape Recording ◽  
General Physical ◽  
Outpatient Settings ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Comprehensive History

Masturbatory behaviors occur as a part of psychosexual development in young children, but if such behaviors exceed resulting in discomfort and disability, it is known as gratification disorder. Children with such genital self-stimulatory behaviors are infrequently seen and diagnosed in Asian outpatient settings, possibly due to prevalent stigma. We report the cases of 3 children of 3, 4, and 8 - year-old with the diagnosis of gratification disorder based on comprehensive history-taking, general physical examination, and neurological examination along with videotape recording of the event. Investigations such as electroencephalogram (EEG), urinary microscopic examination, and culture were also conducted in each case. Clinical history, examination, and investigations such as EEG and urinary examination were reviewed. Behavior therapy and psychoeducation were successful in alleviating the disorder and allaying parental fears of taboo in all these cases. There was significant improvement in self-genital stimulatory behavior in all 3 cases at 3 months follow-up.

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