scholarly journals 1491. Active Norovirus Surveillance in Children Under 5 Years with Diarrhea after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Argentina (2017–2019)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S543-S543
Author(s):  
Angela Gentile ◽  
Juan Stupka ◽  
Juan I Degiuseppe ◽  
María del Valle Juárez ◽  
Maria Florencia Lucion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Background Acute diarrhea is one of the leading causes of infant morbidity and mortality. Argentina introduced massive rotavirus vaccination in 2015. In several countries, this introduction has changed the distribution of enteropathogens. The decrease in the prevalence of rotavirus has been described at the expense of an increase in Norovirus (NoV) activity worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of NoV in acute diarrhea cases in outpatient children under 5 years of age and their epidemiological profile. Methods A prospective and cross-sectional study in <5 years outpatients attended for acute diarrhea in Children’s Hospital “Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez” in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between July 2017 and March 2019 was conducted. Active epidemiological surveillance was performed with a specific case reporting form. Stool samples were tested for NoV (RT-qPCR). Clinical and epidemiological data were recorded. Results A total of 252 patients were enrolled and 235 stools samples were tested. Median of age was 22.3 months (IQR: 11–30), 58.7% were male. The most frequent symptoms were fever and vomiting in 63.1% and 53%, respectively; 52% had watery diarrhea, 45.2% had moderate diarrhea according to Vesikari Scale, 95.6% were normohydrated and 22% had a household member with diarrhea. There were no immunocompromised children. A 72% had received rotavirus vaccine, 86% of them with full scheme. From samples tested, 27% (n = 63) were NoV positive. NoV was found throughout the year and the frequency of detection was higher in January and June (summer and winter in Argentina). Regarding genetic diversity the most frequent genogroup was GII (65%; 41/63) and genotype GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney (48%; 20/41). Bacterial co-infection was observed in 35%. Compared with negative cases, NoV were younger (18 vs. 20 months; P < 0.001) and were associated with higher prevalence of rotavirus vaccination (88% vs. 66%; P = 0.001). No statistically difference was found regarding to gender, clinical outcome and severity. Conclusion NoV was detected at high frequency (27%) in children presenting moderate acute diarrhea, mainly in those who received rotavirus vaccine. Regarding sporadic acute diarrhea cases in children, it is important to consider NoV as a frequent etiological agent. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Assessment of episodes of pneumonia and diarrhea in vaccinated and unvaccinated children under 60 months of age

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shireen Qassim Bham ◽  
Farhan Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Athar Khan ◽  
Rashid Naseem Khan
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Selection Of

Objective: To assess the episodes of pneumonia and diarrhea in vaccinated and unvaccinated children under 60 months of age. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Darul Sehat Hospital and SESSI, Karachi in the Department of Pediatrics from 1st November 2018 to 3rd February 2019. An interview based questionnaire was administered and selection of participants was done by convenience sampling. Total of 196 participants were selected for interview. Results: Total 196 participants were interviewed which included mothers of children between the age group of 1- 60 months. The questions were entered on the questionnaire after taking consent from the mothers. Among them, males were 98 (52.7%) and females were 88(47.3%). One hundred seventy two (88.7%) children were vaccinated for pneumococcal and rotavirus whereas unvaccinated children were 22(11.3%). There was an incidence of 66(63.5%) for loose watery diarrhea. In vaccinated children, grading of diarrhea was found to be severe cases as 30 (34.9%), moderate cases as 27 (31.4%) and mild cases as 29(33.7%). For unvaccinated children, severe cases were 12 (66.7%) and for mild and moderate cases were (11.1%) and 04(22.2%) respectively with p value of 0.035. As compared to their unvaccinated counterparts, the frequency of severe pneumonia was far less than cough and cold in vaccinated children (p<0.001) Conclusion: There is significant reduction in cases of severe pneumonia in children receiving pneumococcal vaccine as compared to children receiving Rota vaccine there is moderate reduction in cases of severe diarrhea. The overall coverage of Pneumococcal and Rota vaccines was higher in our sample population. Efforts should be made to increase the awareness of Rotavirus vaccination in order to have better coverage in future. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2996 How to cite this:Bham SQ, Saeed F, Khan MA, Khan RN. Assessment of episodes of pneumonia and diarrhea in vaccinated and unvaccinated children under 60 months of age. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2996 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Accidents in Children under 5 Years in Yazd Province, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Dehghani ◽  
Sadegh Kazemi ◽  
Samaneh Mirzaei ◽  
Mohammad Reza Sadeghian
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under 5 ◽  
At Home

Introduction:Accidents are one of the most important causes of injury and death across the world, including Iran. The epidemiological data play a key role in taking effective strategic decisions for their prevention and control. This study was conducted to determine the Frequency of different types of accidents in children aged under 5 years living in Yazd province, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data on 2489 children under 5 years referred to hospitals in Yazd province were collected from March, 2015 to March, 2016, using the accidents registration forms and the related software. Chi-square test was incorporated to analyze the results using SPSS version 19. Results: The frequency of accidents in boys was 1460 (58.7%) and in girls 1029 (41.3%). Accidents occurred most frequently in April-May (n: 245, 9.8%) and the winter (n: 693, 27.8%). 93.3% of accidents occurred in the urban areas, 4.4% in the rural areas and 2.3% in outside the city and the villages. The total  number of accidents at home was 1743 (70%) and in the alleys and on the streets 495 (19%), the most frequent accident was falling (n: 743, 29.9%), followed by burns (n: 543, 21.8%) and  trauma (n: 495, 19.9%). The difference in the type of accident between different age groups was significant (P< 0.001). Conclusion: The comparatively higher frequency of falling, burn, trauma, as well as the accidents at home and in the winter indicate parents’ insufficient attention to home safety standards and their lack of adequate information about protection of children under5 years against the most common accidents of this age group. Planning for and intervention in these areas might help in reducing the accidents.

scholarly journals Cholera Outbreak in Hadhramout, Yemen: The Epidemiological Weeks 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Eidha Ali Bin-Hameed ◽  
Huda Ameen Joban
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and aims: Cholera is a disease of acute watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae usually transmitted through contaminated water. In this study, we collected and analyzed the related epidemiological data to determine cholera outbreak in Hadhramout, Yemen during the disease epidemic in 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted according to screening rapid diagnostic and confirmatory laboratory culture testing methods for diagnosing clinically cholera cases. Results: Suspected cholera cases were tested by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and 399 (50.5%) out of 794 cases were determined positive, and 76(9.6%) of them were confirmed by laboratory culture test (LCT) with statistically significant difference. Serotype V. cholerae O1 was also detected in patients’ diarrhea. Females were the most affected by the disease manifested in 201 (25.3%) and 43 (5.4%) when tested by RDT and LCT, respectively, with no statistically significant difference. The highest proportion of cholera cases (224) were reported in the age group less than 15 years (56.1%) with statistically significant difference when tested by RDT, and 45(13.3%) when tested by LCT with insignificant statistics difference. Hajr directorate was revealed to be the most affected with 242 (30.47%) followed by Mukalla city directorate with 108 (13.60%) when the cases were tested by RDT; while Hajr and Mukalla city directorates reported 55 (7.0%) and 15 (2.0%), respectively, when it was confirmed by LCT with a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Severe cholera outbreak occurred during the epidemiological weeks in 2019 in Hadhramout coast. V. cholerae O1 serotype was the causative agent of cholera. Females and age group less than 15 years were the most affected by the disease. Hajr and Mukalla city directorates reported serious outbreak cholera cases.

scholarly journals Feeding practices among the infants presenting with acute diarrhea

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Mahmood ◽  
Asim Khurshid ◽  
Syed Mohammad Javed Iqbal ◽  
Malik Muhammad Nazir Khan
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Insufficient Milk

Introduction: To study various feeding practices in children who present with acute watery diarrhea. The objective of the study was not only to study the feeding patterns but also draw an association between different feeding patterns and acute diarrheal episodes. Setting: Outdoor and indoor unit of Department of Paediatrics Jinnah Hospital affiliated with Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore. Subject: Two hundred and fifty patients with acute watery diarrhea of less then 14 days between the ages of 1 month to 1 year were included in the study. Methods: It was a case control cross sectional study. The data related to 250 patients was collected. The required information was obtained from mother/ attendant of the infant in the questionnaire. All the questionnaire were filled by the doctors. Results: The majority of the infants with acute diarrhea were between 4 months to 1 year 195 (78%). Forty two (17%) were exclusively breastfed while 78 (31 %) exclusively bottle-fed. Fifty five (22%) had both breast feeding as well as bottle feeding. A large number of mothers 112 (44.8%) gave the reason of insufficient milk for the baby. Conclusion: Majority of the infants with acute diarrhea episodes were between 8 and 12 months when either breast milk is being replaced by bottle milk or improper weaning practices are being used. A large number of infants with acute diarrhea were either mixed fed or bottle fed. Because of increased mixed and bottle feeding there is high incidence of diarrhea in our community.

scholarly journals Determinants of self-paid rotavirus vaccination status in Kanazawa, Japan, including socioeconomic factors, parents’ perception, and children’s characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Hara ◽  
Rie Koshida ◽  
Kaoru Araki ◽  
Masahide Kondo ◽  
Yoshio Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination History

Abstract Background Japan’s National Immunization Program does not cover rotavirus vaccine and no government subsidies are available. This study aimed to measure the uptake of and determinants that influenced self-paid rotavirus vaccination, including socioeconomic status and relative poverty. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study at health check-ups for all children aged 18 months in Kanazawa, Japan, between December 2017 and July 2018. Community nurses collected information on self-paid vaccination history, parents’ perceptions of and recommendations for rotavirus vaccine, and socioeconomic status in interviews using a unified questionnaire. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess vaccine uptake and possible determinants. Results In total, 1282 participants were enrolled. The estimated rotavirus vaccine coverage was 72.9%. Perceptions that rotavirus gastroenteritis was serious and that the rotavirus vaccine was effective, pediatricians’ recommendations, information from the city office, magazine and Internet articles, and higher parental education level were associated with higher rotavirus vaccine uptake. Lower household income was associated with decreased rotavirus vaccine uptake. Vaccine expense, fear of adverse reactions to the vaccine, number of household members and siblings, and children’s characteristics were not correlated with rotavirus vaccination. Poverty was associated with decreased rotavirus vaccine uptake, even after adjustment for other determinants (adjusted odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.26–0.90). Conclusion Parents’ perceptions, socioeconomic status, relative poverty, and pediatricians’ recommendations are determinants of vaccination. This study suggests that appropriate information about rotavirus vaccine, subsidies for those of lower socioeconomic status, and national recommendations are necessary to achieve higher coverage.

scholarly journals Genotyping and Clinicoepidemiological Characterization of Rotavirus Acute Gastroenteritis in Egyptian Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niveen Saudy ◽  
Walaa Othman Elshabrawy ◽  
Ahmed Megahed ◽  
Mona F. Foad ◽  
Aly F. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Egyptian Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Group A rotavirus (RVA) acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common cause of severe childhood diarrhea. The dominant circulating RVA genotypes in a given region may vary between and within the geographic regions and from year to year. Our cross-sectional study was designed to determine the burden of RVA genotypes among children with AGE admitted to referral Children Hospital at Egypt prior to implementation of the vaccine. Stool samples with clinico-epidemiological data were collected from 92 children ≤3 years-old with AGE. RVA G and P typing were performed with type-specific primers. RVA was detected in 48.9% of patients. Higher rates of RVA infections, 73.3% were detected in infants <1 year-old. Breast-fed infants were significantly fewer in RVA positive group (P=0.0006). Non-breastfeeding was a major risk factor for RVA AGE (OR 0.3, P=0.02). RVA diarrhea occurred mostly in autumn and winter months (55.4% and 26.6%) with a significant difference in autumn (P=0.0005) and was associated with vomiting and dehydration (OR; 1.66, P=0.021 & 1.4, P=0.03). RVA genotypes G1P[8] (26.7%), G9P[8] (20%) and G3P[8] (15.6%) were accounting for 62.3% of RVA AGE. G9 was significantly associated with mucus diarrhea, than G1 or G3 which were associated with watery diarrhea (P=0.025). Also, G9 was significantly associated with loose stool for >5 days (P=0.006) and 54.4% of G9 patients had severe dehydration. The diversity of RVA strains detected in Nile Delta Egypt and emergence of G9 RVA highlight the need to apply vaccines against this genotype in Egypt.

scholarly journals Determinants of self-paid rotavirus vaccination status in Kanazawa, Japan, including socioeconomic factors, parents’ perception, and children’s characteristics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Hara ◽  
Rie Koshida ◽  
Kaoru Araki ◽  
Masahide Kondo ◽  
Yoshio Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination History

Abstract Background: Japan’s National Immunization Program does not cover rotavirus vaccine and no government subsidies are available. This study aimed to measure the uptake of and determinants that influenced self-paid rotavirus vaccination, including socioeconomic status and relative poverty.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study at health check-ups for all children aged 18 months in Kanazawa, Japan, between December 2017 and July 2018. Community nurses collected information on self-paid vaccination history, parents’ perceptions of and recommendations for rotavirus vaccine, and socioeconomic status in interviews using a unified questionnaire. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess vaccine uptake and possible determinants.Results: In total, 1,282 participants were enrolled. The estimated rotavirus vaccine coverage was 72.9%. Perceptions that rotavirus gastroenteritis was serious and that the rotavirus vaccine was effective, pediatricians’ recommendations, information from the city office, magazine and Internet articles, and higher parental education level were associated with higher rotavirus vaccine uptake. Lower household income was associated with decreased rotavirus vaccine uptake. Vaccine expense, fear of adverse reactions to the vaccine, number of household members and siblings, and children’s characteristics were not correlated with rotavirus vaccination. Poverty was associated with decreased rotavirus vaccine uptake, even after adjustment for other determinants (adjusted odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.26–0.90).Conclusion: Parents’ perceptions, socioeconomic status, relative poverty, and pediatricians’ recommendations are determinants of vaccination. This study suggests that appropriate information about rotavirus vaccine, subsidies for those of lower socioeconomic status, and national recommendations are necessary to achieve higher coverage.

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