Reforming the Work Unit System

2019 ◽  
pp. 166-191
Author(s):  
Joel Andreas
Keyword(s):  
Temporary Employment ◽  
Substantial Influence ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Work Unit ◽  
Unit System ◽  
System P ◽  
Original Class ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Egalitarian Ethos

Chapter 7 looks at the impact on factory governance of the initial reforms carried out during the first decade and a half after Mao’s death in 1976. These reforms left the fundamental features of the work unit system—public ownership and permanent job tenure—in place, and institutional forms of participation, including staff and workers congresses, were revived and enhanced. During the “long 1980s” workers enjoyed substantial influence, especially with regard to the distribution of wages and bonuses, housing, and other welfare entitlements. Although the Chinese Communist Party had by then renounced its original class-leveling mission, workers effectively resisted new distribution policies that violated the egalitarian ethos that had long prevailed under the work unit system. The latter years of this period, however, also marked the beginning of the erosion of industrial citizenship as temporary employment was expanded and the power of the factory director was reinforced in the second half of the decade.

Participatory Paternalism

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-81
Author(s):  
Joel Andreas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Work Unit ◽  
Unit System ◽  
Participatory Institutions ◽  
Industrial Governance ◽  
Institutional Foundations

Chapter 3 describes the institutional foundations of the Chinese work unit system and the practices of worker participation in the early 1960s, after the system was fully established and before the onset of the Cultural Revolution. Participatory institutions included self-managing teams on the shop floor, technical innovation groups, factory elections, representative congresses, and other mechanisms designed to solicit suggestions from below, learn about and defuse employees’ grievances and concerns, and mobilize workers to monitor and criticize factory leaders. Despite high levels of participation, predicated on lifetime job tenure and relatively egalitarian distribution, industrial governance was democratic only in a very limited sense. The party insisted on maintaining a political monopoly and harshly suppressed any hint of independent political activity. Not only was the scope of workers’ influence restricted largely to the shop floor, but they also had little autonomy. Although participation was extensive, the system was more paternalistic than democratic.

Identity concerns drive belief: The impact of partisan identity on the belief and dissemination of true and false news

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Pereira ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Elizabeth Ann Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
System P ◽  
False News ◽  
Democrats And Republicans ◽  
The Impact

Political misinformation, often called “fake news”, represents a threat to our democracies because it impedes citizens from being appropriately informed. Evidence suggests that fake news spreads more rapidly than real news—especially when it contains political content. The present article tests three competing theoretical accounts that have been proposed to explain the rise and spread of political (fake) news: (1) the ideology hypothesis— people prefer news that bolsters their values and worldviews; (2) the confirmation bias hypothesis—people prefer news that fits their pre-existing stereotypical knowledge; and (3) the political identity hypothesis—people prefer news that allows their political in-group to fulfill certain social goals. We conducted three experiments in which American participants read news that concerned behaviors perpetrated by their political in-group or out-group and measured the extent to which they believed the news (Exp. 1, Exp. 2, Exp. 3), and were willing to share the news on social media (Exp. 2 and 3). Results revealed that Democrats and Republicans were both more likely to believe news about the value-upholding behavior of their in-group or the value-undermining behavior of their out-group, supporting a political identity hypothesis. However, although belief was positively correlated with willingness to share on social media in all conditions, we also found that Republicans were more likely to believe and want to share apolitical fake new. We discuss the implications for theoretical explanations of political beliefs and application of these concepts in in polarized political system.

scholarly journals High-energy operator product expansion at sub-eikonal level

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Antonio Chirilli
Keyword(s):  
Operator Product Expansion ◽  
Evolution Equations ◽  
Energy Operator ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Structure Functions ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Operator Product ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract The high energy Operator Product Expansion for the product of two electromagnetic currents is extended to the sub-eikonal level in a rigorous way. I calculate the impact factors for polarized and unpolarized structure functions, define new distribution functions, and derive the evolution equations for unpolarized and polarized structure functions in the flavor singlet and non-singlet case.

scholarly journals Using bio-manipulation to optimise nutrient management within intensive farm systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Abbruzzese
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Know How ◽  
System P ◽  
Livestock Farms ◽  
Farm System ◽  
The Impact

The research project aims to enhance organic nutrient management in livestock farms using microbial and enzyme inoculations, with a particular focus on the phosphorus biogeochemical cycle. In order to do this the first approach consists of characterising the chemical and biological properties of farm slurries as a baseline to evaluate possible amendments of the intrinsic properties of the slurry. Consequently, it is pivotal to consider properties such as plant nutrients, i.e., phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, as well as the microbial community within the slurry. Likewise, attention needs to be paid to soil chemical and biological properties, e.g. pH, salinity and organic matter, as well as to the variety of organisms inhabiting the soil, in order to determine the impact of inoculation on phosphorus cycling and nutrient availability for plant use. Furthermore, it is important to know how soil and its productivity may be influenced by the addition of the inoculated slurry. Of particular interest are also the soil properties which have an effect on plant growth. The pH of soil and, notably, nutrient availability and retention capacity are some of the features on which to direct the research in order to assess the quality of soil and, as a result, the production of a grass crop in livestock farms. The characterisation of these properties will be performed using a variety of approaches, beginning with analysis at laboratory- and mesocosm-scales and progressing to a fieldwork approach in order to evaluate the results directly in a farm system.

The Impeccable System

Money ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
James K. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Bank Failures ◽  
Federal Reserve System ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
System P ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reserve System

This chapter examines the impact of the Federal Reserve System on money and banking in the United States. The Federal Reserve System was created in 1913 by virtue of the Federal Reserve Act passed by Congress and signed by President Woodrow Wilson. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) provided not for one but for as many as twelve central banks. It was conceived as an answer to the great panics, but in this respect the System was notably defective. Nor was the System better as an antidote for an alarming epidemic of bank failures. Furthermore, the most severe inflation ever in peacetime occurred under its watch. The chapter considers the successes and failures of the Federal Reserve System and looks at another body established to study the management of money in the United States: the National Monetary Commission.

The Conference System

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.G. Sturmey
Keyword(s):  
Monopoly Power ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
System P ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conference System

This chapter explores the shipping conference system in relation to the development of the British shipping industry. It outlines the purpose of conferences - namely, to control and reduce competition amongst rival companies; summarises their history; explores the limitations of monopoly power; examines the impact of conferences on freight rates; evaluates loyalty contracts; evaluates whether or not conferences provided rate stability; and, in detail, examines the effect of conferences on British shipping in relation to the rest of the world. It concludes by claiming that conferences are often an uneconomic use of resources, and the author casts doubt on their continued relevance in years to come.

Identifying Different Forms of Innovation in Retail Banking

2014 ◽  
pp. 1539-1553
Author(s):  
Véronique Favre-Bonte ◽  
Gardet Elodie ◽  
Catherine Thevenard-Puthod
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Retail Banking ◽  
Process Innovations ◽  
Radical Innovations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Distribution

To be competitive and capture new customers, banks must develop continuous innovations that can reduce costs, enhance existing service quality, expand current service offerings, and increase market share. This article proposes a typology of different types of innovation in the retail banking sector on the basis of a case study of the leading French credit institution, Crédit Agricole. This bank does not innovate just incrementally, and radical innovations resulted from the launch of a new distribution channel, though several innovations are unrelated to new technology. This study adds to literature on innovation services by enhancing understanding of the different types of innovation. The empirical investigation further shows that the banking sector can develop process innovations, which give the bank a longer term competitive advantage. To innovate radically, the bank should anticipate the impact of its new offerings on different areas of the system.

Towards Implementation of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration through Reforms of the Public Administration System

2020 ◽  
pp. 723-738
Author(s):  
Vache Kalashyan ◽  
Tigran Grigoryan
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Administration System ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
The Public ◽  
System P ◽  
The Impact

This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European general principles of good administration on Armenian administrative law. The chapter claims that successful reform of Armenian public administration is an indispensable prerequisite for successful implementation of these principles but that there is still a long way to go. Besides this, the Armenian legal order is generally open to being shaped and influenced by the said principles and demonstrates numerous successful examples thereof. Nevertheless, the chapter highlights that usually the Armenian legislator is the only one to transfer these principles into Armenian law. It describes the reception of the pan-European general principles of good administration as still being under development in Armenia. The chapter concludes that in order to guarantee the full extent of ‘good administration’ it remains necessary that general reforming of Armenian public administration be successfully implemented.

The Impact of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration on German Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-329
Author(s):  
Ulrich Stelkens
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
German Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
System P ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
National Constitution ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

This chapter discusses the impact on German administrative law of the pan-European general principles of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE). The chapter highlights that most of the German core statutes on administrative law had already been enacted or were developed before the adoption of the said principles. Moreover, the low availability and the lack of translation of the ‘CoE sources’ as well as the (over)reliance of German courts on the national constitution in developing standards of individual protection present further hindrances for their full permeation. However—at least conceptually—German law lives up to the said principles and often even exceeds them. The chapter concludes that it seems to be only a matter of time and the right opportunity for such impact to become full-blown in the German legal system.

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