Differences in Mentality*

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-67
Author(s):  
Janusz Reykowski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Moral Thinking ◽  
Psychological Differences ◽  
Liberal Ideology ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adaptation Task

Intercultural similarity of ideological conflicts, which are manifested in many countries as the conservatism/liberalism opposition, is related to the origin of these conflicts. They are an expression of differences in mentality, reflecting two opposite tendencies that exist in human mind. One is associated with human’s fundamental adaptation task: maintaining cohesion of their community and protecting its welfare. The other is related to the strivings for emancipation of the individual. The first tendency is the basis for the collectivist mentality and conservative ideology, whereas the other one, historically much more recent, is expressed by the individualist mentality and liberal ideology. There are considerable psychological differences between the two, especially in value systems, moral thinking, and cognitive styles. But there are also similarities. Therefore, the widespread belief that those two ideologies constitute two separate, naturally hostile “nations,” is misleading.

scholarly journals The Role of Art in Society with Particular Reference to the Problem of Violence$

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
Camilla Pagani
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Individual

Background: According to the Latin poet Virgil, art is capable of revealing to us what no science can ever reveal to a human mind. The main thesis of this paper is that art can play an extremely beneficial role in society as it can strongly foster humans’ efforts to attain a deeper and broader comprehension of reality. Objective: The experience of art can provide a powerful contribution to the efforts to avoid resorting to violence and to address conflicts constructively. Violence or, more exactly, unjustified violence, basically rests on an irrational and short-sighted analysis and interpretation of reality. Results: The psychological processes relating to the aesthetic experience and to its connections with violence are described. It is also pointed out that this theoretical perspective does not fully coincide with the theoretical theses underpinning art therapy. In fact, in this paper art is not considered as a mere therapeutic instrument. Instead, an attempt has been made to consider art and our relationship with art in their more complex and partly still unexplored aspects, where neither art or the individual is “at the service” of the other. Conclusion: Art can provide the possibility to experience a new dimension, where no power relations exist and where new ways of seeing and feeling are made possible. It can hence foster the development of less primitive and richer personalities. In this way violence should lose its raison d’être. So it appears that this theoretical approach might be particularly helpful in order to better understand and countervail violence.

scholarly journals Psychological Cues to Political Stands: An Experiment with Italians on Regional Autonomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Mannoni
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heuristics And Biases ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Domestic Level ◽  
Similar Issue

The human mind is not necessarily willing to assess costs and benefits every time it faces a decision. It often prefers to rely on cognitive shortcuts (i.e., heuristics) enabling it to decide rapidly and satisfactorily. Most literature on heuristics and biases suggests that a common cognitive shortcut individuals take is looking at what is close to judge what is far. An experiment involving 300 Italian citizens used a questionnaire to test whether it may work the other way around when it comes to politics. This paper investigated whether citizens might use mere exposure to information on a foreign issue as a heuristic to express an opinion on a similar issue at the domestic level. Furthermore, it strived to test whether this occurs more frequently when the individual considers the two cultures involved to be relatively close to each other. Results show data can only partially confirm the expectations.

The Explainability of Experience

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Renz
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Character ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Individual Human

This book provides a novel interpretation of Spinoza’s Ethics, and his views on the human mind in particular, by showing how the text—both as a whole and in a multitude of details—is motivated by the twofold notion that subjective experience is explainable and that its successful explanation is of ethical relevance, because it makes us wiser, freer, and happier. It argues that this allows Spinoza to reconcile seemingly inconsistent convictions, viz., on the one hand, the assumption that experience is irreducibly subjective and, on the other, that there are better and worse explanations of experiences. The proposed reconstruction establishes a specific view on the architecture of Spinoza’s theory of the human mind, according to which his account carefully distinguishes between three different parts, or approaches: an ontology of the mental, a theory of the individual human subject, and a theory of mental content that combines psychological and epistemological claims. On the basis of the distinction between these three approaches, Spinoza can avoid, from the outset, both reductionism and skepticism with respect to the subjective character of human experience.

Technical progress, fashion and nationality(“The watch” by Georgi Zhivkov)

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Keyword(s):  
Technical Progress ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

This article suggests an attempt to analyse a literary work from the period of Bulgarian National Revival — the dialogue “The Watch” by Georgi Zhivkov. Its aim is to study some aspects of the technical progress which is unconditionally linked to the following of certain cultural and civilizational models, the removal of the boundaries between the Self and the Other, and the unfolding of human creative potential. However, as with almost everything in life, it has a different side, provoking hesitation, uncertainty, and in some cases, a definite denial. “The Watch” is the text that belongs to that other side with the proviso: the rejection of the technical means not in itself as an achievement of the human mind, but of the replacement through it of basic existential categories the consequences of which affect not only the individual but also the relations with the world. In the article the cultural and literary-historical study and ‘close reading’ interpretation are used.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Margaret Mahy: An Adlerian Reading

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
KATHRYN WALLS
Keyword(s):  
Young Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Psychology ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Alfred Adler ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Margaret Mahy ◽  
The Individual

According to the ‘Individual Psychology’ of Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Freud's contemporary and rival, everyone seeks superiority. But only those who can adapt their aspirations to meet the needs of others find fulfilment. Children who are rejected or pampered are so desperate for superiority that they fail to develop social feeling, and endanger themselves and society. This article argues that Mahy's realistic novels invite Adlerian interpretation. It examines the character of Hero, the elective mute who is the narrator-protagonist of The Other Side of Silence (1995) , in terms of her experience of rejection. The novel as a whole, it is suggested, stresses the destructiveness of the neurotically driven quest for superiority. Turning to Mahy's supernatural romances, the article considers novels that might seem to resist the Adlerian template. Focusing, in particular, on the young female protagonists of The Haunting (1982) and The Changeover (1984), it points to the ways in which their magical power is utilised for the sake of others. It concludes with the suggestion that the triumph of Mahy's protagonists lies not so much in their generally celebrated ‘empowerment’, as in their transcendence of the goal of superiority for its own sake.

Gewalt und Kommunikation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Jens Bonnemann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Normal Case ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Philosophy Of Dialogue ◽  
The Individual

In ethics, when discussing problems of justice and a just social existence one question arises obviously: What is the normal case of the relation between I and you we start from? In moral philosophy, each position includes basic socio-anthropological convictions in that we understand the other, for example, primarily as competitor in the fight for essential resources or as a partner in communication. Thus, it is not the human being as isolated individual, or as specimen of the human species or socialised member of a historical society what needs to be understood. Instead, the individual in its relation to the other or others has been studied in phenomenology and the philosophy of dialogue of the twentieth century. In the following essay I focus on Martin Buber’s and Jean-Paul Sartre’s theories of intersubjectivity which I use in order to explore the meaning of recognition and disrespect for an individual. They offer a valuable contribution to questions of practical philosophy and the socio-philosophical diagnosis of our time.

Whither the people in the ASEAN Community?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
See Seng Tan
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Management Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
The People ◽  
Droits Humains ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Abstract: The longstanding effort to develop a people-based regionalism in Southeast Asia has been shaped by an inherent tension between the liberal inclination to privilege the individual and the community under formation, on the one hand, and the realist insistence on the primacy of the state, on the other. This article explores the conditions and constraints affecting ASEAN’s progress in remaking Southeast Asia into a people-focused and caring community in three areas: disaster management, development, and democratization (understood here as human rights). Arguably, the persistent gap in Southeast Asia between aspiration and expectation is determined less by political ideology than by the pragmatic responses of ASEAN member states to the forces of nationalism and protectionism, as well as their respective sense of local and regional responsibility.Resumen: El esfuerzo histórico para desarrollar un regionalismo basado en las personas del sudeste de Asia ha estado marcado por una tensión fundamental entre la inclinación liberal de privilegiar el individuo y la comunidad y la insistencia realista sobre la primacía del estado. Este artículo explora las condiciones y limitaciones que afectan el progreso de la ASEAN en la reestructuración de Asia sudoriental en una comunidad centrada en el cuidado de las personas en: gestión de desastres, desarrollo y democratización (i.e., derechos humanos). La brecha persistente en el sudeste asiático entre la aspiración y la expectativa está determinada por las respuestas pragmáticas de los miembros de la ASEAN sometidos a las fuerzas del nacionalismo y proteccionismo, así como su respectivo sentido de responsabilidad local y regional.Résumé: L’effort historique pour développer un régionalisme fondé sur les peuples en Asie du Sud-Est a été marqué par une tension fondamentale entre l’inclination libérale qui privilégie, d’une part, l’individu et la communauté et, d’autre part, l’insistance réaliste sur la primauté de l’État. Cet article explore les conditions et les contraintes qui nuisent aux progrès de l’ANASE dans le cadre d’une refonte de l’Asie du Sud-Est en une communauté centrée et attentive aux peuples dans trois domaines : la gestion des désastres, le développement et la démocratisation (en référence aux droits humains). Le fossé persistant en Asie du Sud-Est entre les aspirations et les attentes est vraisemblablement moins déterminé par l’idéologie politique que par les réponses pragmatiques des États membres de l’ANASE soumis aux forces du nationalisme et du protectionnisme ainsi que par leur sens respectif de la responsabilité locale et régionale.

Ummah’s Rights or Human Rights? Universalism, Individualism, and Islamic Ethics in the Twenty-first Century

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Luisa Frick
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Against the background of the trend of Islamizing human rights on the one hand, as well as increasing skepticism about the compatibility of Islam and human rights on the other, I intend to analyze the potential of Islamic ethics to meet the requirements for vitalizing the idea of human rights. I will argue that the compatibility of Islam and human rights cannot be determined merely on the basis of comparing the specific content of the Islamic moral code(s) with the rights stipulated in the International Bill of Rights, but by scanning (different conceptions of) Islamic ethics for the two indispensable formal prerequisites of any human rights conception: the principle of universalism (i.e., normative equality) and individualism (i.e., the individual enjoyment of rights). In contrast to many contemporary (political) attempts to reconcile Islam and human rights due to urgent (global) societal needs, this contribution is solely committed to philosophical reasoning. Its guiding questions are “What are the conditions for deriving both universalism and individualism from Islamic ethics?” and “What axiological axioms have to be faded out or reorganized hierarchically in return?”

Assessment of Pain During Laser-based Procedures in the Treatment of Glaucoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2105-2107
Author(s):  
Gheorghita Popa ◽  
Olimpiu L. Karancsi ◽  
Maria Alexandra Preda ◽  
Marius Cristian Suta ◽  
Lavinia Stelea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Pain Score ◽  
The Other ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Moderate Pain ◽  
Pain Level ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Intense Pain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Information

Our study aimed to determine pain levels and the state of welfare connected to laser-based procedures in the treatment of patients diagnosed with uncontrolled glaucoma. The study group included 100 eyes of 100 patients diagnosed with glucoma, 50 of them being treated with micropulse transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation, and the other 50 eyes being treated with continuous transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation. We used visual analog scale to gather information from each patient. After analysing the individual information the following results were obtained: the pain level for the micropulse transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation was 60.23 mm, signifying moderate pain; and the pain score for the continuous transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation was 76.34 mm, corresponding to moderate-intense pain. Pain level generated by minimally invasive laser procedures is discussed.

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