Relacja, zobowiązanie, współpraca. Założenia i wyzwania badań etnograficznych wśród osób niewidomych

The article presents the main assumptions and conditions of collaboration between the author and the vision-impaired research participants over several years of ethnographic research (2011–2017). Adopting the perspective of philosophy of dialogue, the author follows different stages of rapport, focusing on mutual expectations and emotions, as well as relationship dynamics and its underlying conditions in general. The author’s long-term research was inspired by concepts developed by Luke Lassiter in his collaborative ethnography and by Anna Wyka in her social research through shared experience, both of which marked the author’s ethical and methodological choices, including invitation extended to research participants to comment on the research findings. The second part of the article is based on research participants’ impressions and reflections on their role, engagement and relationship with the researcher.

Public dialogue as a way to create an inclusive touristic space (on the example of “K. I. Shulzhenko museum” MIC)

The relevance of the article. An important problem of modern Ukrainian society is small number of inclusive spaces, what complicates the process of socialization of young people with disabilities. Prevailing forms of mentality in Ukraine (charitable, administrative, magical) do not provide an opportunity to adequately solve this problem. Only a humanistic, dialogue­based model of mentality will contribute to the creation of a true inclusive in the society. The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for the formation of a local tourism inclusive space on the example of “Klavdiia Shulzhenko Museum”. The methodology. The work is a practice research based on the principles of the philosophy of dialogue, devoted to the search for practical ways to implement a humanistic model of social development in a particular enterprise of tourist infrastructure. The use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, genera­lization) and special methods (modeling) is deter­mined by the purpose and objectives of the study. The results. Based on the analysis of successful examples of the formation of inclusive space in Ukrainian museums, a step­by­step plan for the transformation of space in the direction of inclusion for the “Klavdiia Shulzhenko Museum”. For the first stage, it is important to create a space for dialogue with the target audience and establish cooperation in the working group. For the second — cooperation for creating the excursions. The next stage is the transformation of infrastructure. The practical significance. The article is a theoretical base for practical museum projects, in which young people with disabilities are actively involved in society, visitors without disabilities will understand that young people with disabilities have high potential and are able to actively participate in society; creates a positive social discourse of acceptance, favorable for the socialization of young people with disabilities. Conclusion. Since the problem of transformation of society in the direction of inclusion is not belongs exclusively for Kharkiv, it is has meaning to use successful world and Ukrainian cases. Since infrastructural problems are the result of existing mental attitudes, they can be solved through changes in mentality (establishing public dialogue), rather than government directives. For Kharkiv, the Municipal Institution of Culture “K. I. Shulzhenko Museum” is a place with significant social and cultural potential. Given the creation of an inclusive space in the museum, it can become one of the outposts of socialization of young people with disabilities, but also — to promote the formation of a positive image of people with disabilities in society. The solution of this task can take the form of cooperation with NGOs and further joint project activities.

Hermeneutics of Aristotle and Hermeneutics of Sophists in Terms of Dialogue Philosophy. Part II. From Sophists to Modernity

The article considers the logical and philosophical doctrine of sophists, which, according to some modern researchers, was more philosophical than their ancient critics recognized. A comparison of the provisions of Aristotle's hermeneutics with preserved fragments of Protagoras and Gorgias shows that the doctrine of sophists was a kind of holistic philosophy, which anticipated the philosophy of dialogue of the XX century. Despite the fact that the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle tried to overcome the relativism and anti-ontologism of the doctrine of sophists, some elements of its dialogism were preserved in subsequent philosophy in dialectics and rhetoric. The first thing you should pay attention to is the difference between the dialogical form of the presentation of philosophy in Plato and dialogue as the fundamental basis of thinking that we find among sophists. The dialogism preserved in the dialectic of Plato and the rhetoric of Aristotle is more a technical method of convincing the interlocutor than a hermeneutical basis, which it is in the philosophy of dialogue and in the method of Socratic discussion. The linguistic turn that occurred in the philosophy of the 20th century includes not only an increased interest in language and accuracy of expression. No less important is the new formulation of the question of the nature of the language. Is language a tool for the formulation of thought as Aristotle believed and followed by representatives of modern analytical philosophy, or does it have its own fundamental status, as representatives of the philosophy of dialogue believe? In this context, it is very important for the philosophy of dialogue to find in the thinking of the pre-Socratics those predecessors who already charted the paths for modern thought two and a half thousand years ago. The second part of the article discusses the forms of the dialogic thinking that have survived in philosophy after the sophists and the role of the sophists' hermeneutics in the formation of modern philosophy of dialogue.

Nacjonalizm a uniwersalne wartości. Spór o tożsamość z perspektywy filozofii dialogu

In this chapter I deal with the problem of contemporary nationalism through the prism of the philosophy of dialogue and the question about the identity of the individual and society. The chapter consists of three parts. Firstly, I conceptualise the notions of nationalism and nation states. Secondly, I present the assumptions of the philosophy of dialogue concerning the problem of identity and the source relationship in philosophy. Thirdly and lastly, I analyse how nationalism is juxtaposed with the universal values as set against the background of the philosophy of dialogue. Here I do not focus on presenting the definition or assessment of nationalism. I offer instead an insight on some elements that appear particularly strong in the initial phase of the transformation of nationalism in nation-states, which lead to various kinds of dangerous phenomena, and present the problem of nationalism through the prism of national socialism. The phenomenon of nationalism, for which the uniqueness of a nation is one of the most characteristic features, may pose a serious problem not only in international or social relations, but also concerns individuals. The philosophy of dialogue is involved in ethical relations between individuals, but its scope also extends to social and even political issues. Representatives of the philosophy of dialogue noticed the problem of culture grounded in the question of the subject before it led to the drama of the citizens of Europe and, consequently, of the whole world. Therefore, the article juxtaposes nationalism with the postulates of the philosophy of dialogue, which shows identity through the prism of a relationship to another human being. I consider this problem on the basis of philosophical anthropology. For this purpose, a phenomenological reflection was used, which consists in describing the phenomenon and trying to understand it through the prism of “I”. The reason why the philosophy of Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche inspires, on the one hand, National Socialism, and on the other, the philosophy of dialogue, is shown. This particular task is to help understand today’s problems of nation-states seeking their own identity. The common denominator of these two separate phenomena is the problem of identity. The problem of symmetry and asymmetry of relations or the problem of violence and being for the other in the concept of the national idea and the philosophy of dialogue is presented. They can be seen through the prism of the question of identity. On the one hand, nationalism is based on universalism, and on the other, it seeks uniqueness, a unique place for its nation. It is clearly in contradiction to universal values which are the same for all. The dispute over identity from the perspective of the philosophy of dialogue touches upon an important issue, which is the importance of the Other for identity. The philosophies of Kant, Hegel, or Nietzsche, when misunderstood, may lead to the conclusion that they are the precursors of nationalism, including National Socialism. However, this is a great misconception. The philosophy of dialogue critically evaluates these thinkers, but they give it a reason to reflect on the essence, on the root question of philosophy. The philosophy of dialogue teaches that individual experience can be universal, without excluding others. This helps to see the necessary balance between the identity of the individual and the national identity that need each other. National identity is a very important element of human nature, but it must be based on symmetry in interpersonal relations, which can guarantee peace in Europe and the world.

Reffering to the Life and Work of Roman Ingarden ((Review of the collective monograph “Philosophy of Roman Ingarden and the Modernity”. Ed. by Dm. Shevchuk. Ostroh: Publishing House of the National University “Ostroh Academy”, 2021).

The content and main issues of the collective monograph “Philosophy of Roman Ingarden and Modernity” edited by Dmytro Shevchuk, issued on materials of the International Conference, which took place in Lutsk at the National University “Ostroh Academy”. In this monograph covered the views and fundamental problems of the famous Polish philosopher in the field of ontology, epistemology, anthropology, axiology, philosophy of literature. We can assume that the authors of the monograph managed to achieve the goal: outlined the significance of R. Ingarden’s achievement for modern philosophy, compared with the views of representatives of the Lviv-Warsaw School, phenomenology, semiotics, philosophy of dialogue and others. The relevance and prospects of the study of R. Ingarden’s works in Ukraine are noted.

The Phenomenon of Simone Weil as “Excess” and “Lack” in the Symbolic Structure of Philosophical Language: a Personalist Approach

Simone Weil as a subject of philosophizing is the effect of excess, vacuum, or scarcity in the harmoniously coordinated system of paradigms that make up the indicators of intellectual language. Her concept of “God-absence” (silence) as the negative presence of God in the sacred experience of the atheist is a paradox of meeting with God through a metaphysical break with religious orthodoxy. The article analyzes the synchrony and diachrony of S. Weil’s views from materialism to spiritualism in interdisciplinary discourse outside the linear stages and sectoral fragmentation on the methodological basis of personalism. The author pays special attention to reading S. Weil’s autobiographical essay Waiting for God and her Diaries. In these works, S. Weil as an expression of the semiotic unity of the life and the text describes his own experience of emptiness, the Other, attention, desire, faith, dis-belief, love, encounter with Christ. Analysis of the works of famous philosophers and theologians gives grounds to conclude that the views of S. Weil had an impact on modern psychoanalysis, philosophy of dialogue, critical theory, traditionalism, phenomenology.

Metaphors and their semantic predictability in dyadic interaction

Philosophy of dialogue is primarily concerned with the relation of I to you, alternatively as the I-and-you（I ⇄ you） sphere of relation, in Martin Buber’s terminology, on the basis of primary words such as I, you, and it. It is convincingly held that the primary words do not refer to or denote or signify things but they intimate human relations. Grounded on primary words, metaphorical expressions are created to bridge over the cognition gaps encountered in the process of dyadic interaction between I and you. To interpret the spontaneously created metaphorical expressions has become intuitive responses frequenting the participants I and you in the ongoing dyadic interaction. In what way I and you collaboratively predict the meaning of metaphorical expressions is an ontological question which might be tackled from the perspective of epistemology. Therefore, it is in epistemology assumed that the semantic predictability of metaphorical expressions in any dyadic interaction can be conceptually realized by means of the four types of coherence in dialogism such as dictional coherence, emotional coherence, intentional coherence and rational coherence. The four types of coherence might be created saliently either in combination with each other or in isolation. No matter what kind of salience is identified, the I-and-you sphere of relation has at most sixteen channels for predicting the semantics of metaphor created in actual dyadic interaction.

In the Middle of Love: At the Fringes of Personhood. An Explorative Essay on the Dialogue of I and Thou and the Poetics of the Impersonal

In Works of Love, Søren Kierkegaard introduces the idea that God’s love is “the middle term.” It is a love that manages to be in the middle of all created being. To that extent, love is not just one relation among others, but the “being-in-relation” as such. It is, in Heideggerian terms, “the with” of being-with. This implies, further, that the middle is as inconspicuous as it is ubiquitous. According to Martin Buber, however, there is a privileged relation to the middle in the I–Thou relation. It is here that it reveals itself. For Buber, this is so on the strength of two important traits of this dyadic relation: that it is dialogical and personal. It is in dialogue that I and You are responsive to the word of God; and it is in personal co-presence that the theophany of “the absolute person” may occur. This paper explores these tenets of “philosophy of dialogue” at their fringes. Accordingly, it explores the impersonal in the person and the monologue in dialogue. More specifically, it aims to show how: (a) the impersonal in the person is disclosed in love and angst and how (b) the monologue in dialogue is expressed in a poetics of the impersonal.

Process and Relation: Origins of the Autonomist Theory of Individuation

Any political theory is built on the foundation of a certain ontology, an integral part of which is the problem of an individual. For a long time, the ontological primacy in the European thought was attached to the concept of an individual that was understood as a complete and selfsufficient unit. However, today one can talk about the growing popularity of the approach that views an individual as a relative reality in a state of continuous formation i.e., the process of individuation. This approach is developed by the Italian intellectuals, whose general ideological view is known as autonomism (P.Virno, M.Lazzarato, A.Negri etc.). The article examines the origins of the theory of individuation and its political implications within the autono mist thought. The first part of the article examines the ways of representing an individual in the ontologies of B.Spinoza and G.Simondon. The author demonstrates that the procedural and relational understanding of an individual proposed by these philosophers contributes to bridging the gap between the collective and the individual not only in politics, but also in thinking. An individual is a consequence of the concretization of the general and retains a connection with it. The second part analyzes the psychological and linguistic aspects of individuation, elaborated in L.Vygotsky’s psychology and M.Bakhtin’s philosophy of dialogue. Individuation is interpreted as a movement from the social to the individual, carried out with the help of various tools, primarily by the means of the language. The author evaluates the reception of these thinkers’ ideas in the context of autonomism. The author concludes that the autonomist concept of individuation is a synthetic theory that brings together the general aspects of the consi dered above schools of thought into a single perspective. In fact, the concept is a large-scale revision of the ontological and anthropological foundations of thinking about politics. Its goal is to destroy the idea of a “sovereign individual”, which was born within the liberal tradition, and, as a consequence, to liberate the sphere of the collective from the control of capital.