The Loango Turn

Hybrid Hate ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Tudor Parfitt
Keyword(s):  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Black Jews ◽  
Color Spectrum ◽  
Important Object ◽  
Ethiopian Jews

In 1777 it was revealed that there were not only white negroes and other weird and wonderful hybrids in Loango, there were also black Jews with some striking customs. This was revealed in a book by Christian George Andreas Oldendorp. The scientists of the Enlightenment were as fascinated by these black Jews as they had been by the white negroes and other hybrids. Some, such as Theophil Ehrmann, were dubious about Oldendorp’s revelation. But leading Enlightenment figures such as Anton Büsching, Conrad Malte-Brun, Johann David Michaelis, Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann, Kurt Sprengel, and others debated their importance from a racial and historical standpoint. Other black Jews were invoked by Paul Jakob Bruns. The Ethiopian Jews had been introduced to Enlightenment thinkers by James Bruce. Jews, who were anxious to be seen as white, were not much interested in black Jews. An exception was Ludwig Markus, who wrote about Loango Jews and others, including the Falashas of Ethiopia. Black Indian Jews were brought into the conversation and became an important object of Enlightenment speculation about race and color determinism. The idea of a color spectrum for Jews was born.

Understanding Immigrant Adolescents

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Nudelman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Immigrant Adolescents ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Black Jews ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethiopian Jews

At the beginning of 1985 Operation Moses was underway, bringing thousands of Ethiopian Jews from refugee camps in Sudan to Israel. Seeing an Ethiopian child on Israeli television brought me back to my grandfather's house in New York and to myself as a child. My grandfather, Rabbi Leo Jung, had assisted Jewish communities all over the world for many years. When I visited him I always looked forward to his bedtime stories about Jews in different places and to his accounts of his own experiences and travels. This is how I first heard about the Jews on the island of Djerba, and in Persia, and about the "Black Jews" of Ethiopia.

Hybrid Hate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tudor Parfitt
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Black People ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Black Jews ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Racist Discourse

The study of Western racism has tended to concentrate on either the hatred and murder of Jews or the hatred and enslavement of black people. As chief objects of racism Jews and blacks have been linked together for centuries, peoples apart from the general run of humanity. In medieval Europe Jews were often perceived as blacks, and the conflation of Jews and blacks continued throughout the period of the Enlightenment. With the discovery of a community of black Jews in Loango in west Africa in 1777, and later of black Jews in India, the Middle East, and other parts of Africa, the figure of the hybrid black Jew was thrust into the maelstrom of evolving theories about race hierarchies and taxonomies. The new hybrid played a particular role in the great battle between monogenists and polygenists as they sought to establish the unitary or disparate origins of humankind. From the mid-nineteenth century to the period of the Third Reich, Jews and blacks were increasingly conflated in a racist discourse that combined the two fundamental racial hatreds of the West. While Hitler considered Jews “Negroid parasites,” in Nazi Germany as in Fascist Italy, through texts, laws, and cartoons, Jews and blacks were combined in the figure of the black/Jew, the mortal foe of the Aryan race.

Hoe verlicht waren de genootschappen? - De achttiende-eeuwse sociabiliteit in recent historisch onderzoek

2014 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-209
Author(s):  
Jordy Geerlings
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Important Object ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Many ◽  
Traditional Understanding

The many forms of sociability that flourished during the eighteenth century have long been viewed as vehicles of the Enlightenment. Not only were societies, clubs, and lodges permeated by a spirit of egalitarianism, secularism, and religious tolerance, they were also essential factors in the dissemination of knowledge and new ideas. Additionally, sociability has been associated with the rise of the public sphere and civil society, as various societies provided important platforms for the new bourgeois public to discuss and address the issues of the day. However, recent research has challenged these views. Historians are increasingly finding that many societies were permeable to a variety of worldviews and practices, not all of which can be meaningfully associated with the Enlightenment. New insights also suggest the importance of local restrictions and social conventions influencing many societies, further complicating the traditional understanding of the progressive, enlightened nature of sociability during this period. At the same time, sociability remains an important object of research in its own right, as well as an indispensible window onto an ever increasing variety of historical phenomena. This article explores the ways in which recent research has transformed our understanding of sociability and its place in the Enlightenment.

Saving the Self: Between the Enlightenment and the Deluge

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-660
Author(s):  
Mary Gergen
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Enlightenment

Disease and Civilization: A Scottish Atlantic Network of Physicians in the Enlightenment

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Sarah Irving-Stonebraker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Historical Progress ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Benjamin Rush ◽  
American Physician ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Current

Through an examination of the extensive papers, manuscripts and correspondence of American physician Benjamin Rush and his friends, this article argues that it is possible to map a network of Scottish-trained physicians in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century Atlantic world. These physicians, whose members included Benjamin Rush, John Redman, John Morgan, Adam Kuhn, and others, not only brought the Edinburgh model for medical pedagogy across the Atlantic, but also disseminated Scottish stadial theories of development, which they applied to their study of the natural history and medical practices of Native Americans and slaves. In doing so, these physicians developed theories about the relationship between civilization, historical progress and the practice of medicine. Exploring this network deepens our understanding of the transnational intellectual geography of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century British World. This article develops, in relation to Scotland, a current strand of scholarship that maps the colonial and global contexts of Enlightenment thought.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Randall
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
James Madison ◽  
Modern Conception ◽  
Political World ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Constitutional Thought

The changed conception of conversation that emerged by c.1700 was about to expand its scope enormously – to the broad culture of Enlightenment Europe, to the fine arts, to philosophy and into the broad political world, both via the conception of public opinion and via the constitutional thought of James Madison (1751–1836). In the Enlightenment, the early modern conception of conversation would expand into a whole wing of Enlightenment thought. The intellectual history of the heirs of Cicero and Petrarch would become the practice of millions and the constitutional architecture of a great republic....

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