Power and Conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 130-157
Author(s):  
Michelle Shumate ◽  
Katherine R. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Positive Bias ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Network Research ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Working Alone

Most network research reflects a positive bias, suggesting that organizations can accomplish more by working together than they can by working alone. However, networks can also catalyze conflict between partners. This chapter identifies the various forms of power and describes how power imbalances can increase the potential for conflict in networks. It introduces a typology of conflict occurring at three interfaces. Micro-level conflicts take place at the interface between individuals and organizations. Meso-level conflicts occur between the organization and the network. And, macro-level conflicts are those in which the network conflicts with the broader community or system in which it resides. The chapter uses examples of network conflict from case studies, noting the consequences of the conflict. The chapter identifies different ways that networks can successfully manage conflict. Finally, the chapter includes two tools for addressing power and conflict: the stakeholder participation tool and the VOICE heuristic.

Varieties of non-obvious meaning in CL and CADS: from ‘hindsight post-dictability’ to sweet serendipity

Corpora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Partington
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Special Relevance

In this paper, I want to examine the special relevance of (non)obviousness in corpus linguistics through drawing on case studies. The research discussion is divided into two parts. The first is an examination of (non)obviousness at the micro-level, that is, in lexico-grammatical analyses, whilst the second looks at the more macro-level of (non)obviousness on the plane of discourse. In the final sections, I will examine various types of non-obvious meaning one can come across in Corpus-assisted Discourse Studies (CADS), which range from: ‘I knew that all along (now)’ to ‘that's interesting’ to ‘I sensed that but didn't know why’ (intuitive impressions and corpus-assisted explanations) to ‘I never even knew I never knew that’ (serendipity or ‘non-obvious non-obviousness’, analogous to ‘unknown unknowns’).

scholarly journals Young Children’s Belonging in Finnish Educational Settings: an Intersectional Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maija Puroila ◽  
Jaana Juutinen ◽  
Elina Viljamaa ◽  
Riikka Sirkko ◽  
Taina Kyrönlampi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Policy ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Positional Power ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Similarities And Differences

AbstractThe study draws on a relational and intersectional approach to young children’s belonging in Finnish educational settings. Belonging is conceptualized as a multilevel, dynamic, and relationally constructed phenomenon. The aim of the study is to explore how children’s belonging is shaped in the intersections between macro-, meso-, and micro-levels of young children’s education in Finland. The data consist of educational policy documents and ethnographic material generated in educational programs for children aged birth to 8 years. A situational mapping framework is used to analyze and interpret the data across and within systems levels (macro-level; meso-level; and micro-level). The findings show that the landscape in which children’s belonging is shaped and the intersections across and within the levels are characterized by the tensions between similarities and differences, majority and minorities, continuity and change, authority and agency. Language used, practices enacted, and positional power emerge as the (re)sources through which children’s (un)belonging is actively produced.

The prospects for pluralism in contract theory

Legal Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Zhong Xing Tan
Keyword(s):  
Contract Theory ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Micro Level

Abstract This paper explores the promise of pluralism in the realm of contract law. I begin by identifying and rejecting conceptual strategies adopted by monistic and dualistic approaches. Turning towards pluralism, I evaluate three versions in contemporary literature: pluralism across contracting spheres and types, pluralism through consensus and convergence, and pluralism through localised values-balancing and practical reasoning. I suggest embracing some pluralism about contract pluralism, by using these models to construct a framework of ‘meta-pluralism’, where at the macro-level, we are concerned with plural spheres of contracting activity; at the meso-level, a variety of trans-substantive interpretive concepts that receive some measure of juristic consensus; and at the micro-level, practical reasoning through particularistic analysis of case-specific considerations. I illustrate the meta-pluralistic framework through a case study on the varieties of specific performance, and explain how the proposed pluralistic framework enriches our understanding of the nature of contract.

The Meaning of Property in Things

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
Bart J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Central Claim

The central claim of the book is that property is a universal and uniquely human custom. Contra cultural relativists, every human society has property tools, utensils, and ornaments. Contra biologists, only Homo sapiens has property in things other than food, mates, and territories. Contra philosophers and legal scholars, the bedrock of property is custom, not rights. Contra social scientists and ordinary people, property is indeed a custom and not something that must be instituted by government. Property operates at the three levels. At the micro-level core of property is an organism that perceives the physical world through its body. The meso-level of property is the community within which the organism resides. At the macro-level of property are the institutions that unite strangers of different communities through the modern democratic concept of rights. Whereas the custom of property is ancient, moral, and universal to all people, property rights are modern, amoral, and majoritarian.

Value co-creation through actor embeddedness and actor engagement

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anees Wajid ◽  
Muhammad Mustafa Raziq ◽  
Omer Farooq Malik ◽  
Shahab Alam Malik ◽  
Nabila Khurshid
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Service Ecosystem

Purpose It is argued that the service-dominant (S-D) view of the value co-creation concept is mainly of a macro nature and is difficult to examine empirically. In this regard, marketing research using the micro-foundation theory proposes some conceptual models, through which relationships (involving value co-creation) at a micro/meso level may be studied. The purpose of this paper is to add to such exchanges regarding value co-creation and conceptualize the link of embeddedness of an actor (in a service-ecosystem) to their engagement in the value co-creation process. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on the S-D logic and the value co-creation concept and make propositions with regard to two micro-foundational concepts: actor engagement and actor embeddedness. Findings The authors show that actor embeddedness can be considered as an antecedent of actor engagement, which leads to value co-creation at a macro level and perceived value in context at the micro level. Originality/value The authors fill some gaps in literature with regard to S-D logic and value co-creation by combining two micro-foundational concepts: actor engagement and actor embeddedness and propose how through these, some macro-level outcomes such as value co-creation and resource integration may be determined.

Meeting the Challenges in Evaluating Mobile Learning

2011 ◽  
pp. 178-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giasemi Vavoula ◽  
Mike Sharples
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Learning ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Learning In Context ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Context Of Learning

We propose six challenges in evaluating mobile learning: capturing and analysing learning in context and across contexts, measuring mobile learning processes and outcomes, respecting learner/participant privacy, assessing mobile technology utility and usability, considering the wider organisational and socio-cultural context of learning, and assessing in/formality. A three-level framework for evaluating mobile learning is proposed, comprising a micro level concerned with usability, a meso level concerned with the learning experience, and a macro level concerned with integration within existing educational and organisational contexts. The article concludes with a discussion of how the framework meets the evaluation challenges and with suggestions for further extensions.

Structural Sexism and Health in the United States: A New Perspective on Health Inequality and the Gender System

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Homan
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Health Inequality ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Micro Level

In this article, I build a new line of health inequality research that parallels the emerging structural racism literature. I develop theory and measurement for the concept of structural sexism and examine its relationship to health outcomes. Consistent with contemporary theories of gender as a multilevel social system, I conceptualize and measure structural sexism as systematic gender inequality at the macro level (U.S. state), meso level (marital dyad), and micro level (individual). I use U.S. state-level administrative data linked to geocoded data from the NLSY79, as well as measures of inter-spousal inequality and individual views on women’s roles as predictors of physical health outcomes in random-effects models for men and women. Results show that among women, exposure to more sexism at the macro and meso levels is associated with more chronic conditions, worse self-rated health, and worse physical functioning. Among men, macro-level structural sexism is also associated with worse health. However, greater meso-level structural sexism is associated with better health among men. At the micro level, internalized sexism is not related to physical health among either women or men. I close by outlining how future research on gender inequality and health can be furthered using a structural sexism perspective.

Bridging Levels of Public Administration: How Macro Shapes Meso and Micro

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
American History ◽  
The State ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Relationship

Scholars in public administration now recognize three levels of analysis: macro, meso, and micro. But there is uncertainty about the relationship between levels and concern about a “schism” in research. However, linkages between levels can be demonstrated easily. At the macro-level, leaders develop an overall strategy for pursuing national priorities, which determines the broad architecture of the state. Institutions must be built, renovated, or managed to give effect to these strategies: This is the meso-level of public administration. Overall, strategies also shape the micro-level relationship between people who rule and people who are ruled. This is done by categorizing people—as subjects or citizens, for example—and by redefining categories. Macro-level strategies evolve, with consequences for the agenda at the meso- and micro-levels. Experience at lower levels also shapes strategy at the macro-level. The interaction among levels is illustrated by comparison of three eras in modern American history.

scholarly journals Qualitative study to understand the barriers to recruiting young people with cancer to BRIGHTLIGHT: a national cohort study in England

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e018291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Kenten ◽  
Ana Martins ◽  
Lorna A Fern ◽  
Faith Gibson ◽  
Sarah Lea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Micro Level

ObjectivesBRIGHTLIGHT is a national evaluation of cancer services for teenagers and young adults in England. Following challenges with recruitment, our aim was to understand more fully healthcare professionals’ perspectives of the challenges of recruiting young people to a low-risk observational study, and to provide guidance for future recruitment processes.DesignQualitative.SettingNational Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England.MethodsSemistructured telephone interviews with a convenience sample of 23 healthcare professionals. Participants included principal investigators/other staff recruiting into the BRIGHTLIGHT study. Data were analysed using framework analysis.ResultsThe emergent themes were linked to levels of research organisational management, described using the levels of social network analysis: micro-level (the individual; in this case the target population to be recruited—young people with cancer); meso-level (the organisation; refers to place of recruitment and people responsible for recruitment); and macro-level (the large-scale or global structure; refers to the wider research function of the NHS and associated policies). Study-related issues occurred across all three levels, which were influenced by the context of the study. At the meso-level, professionals’ perceptions of young people and communication between professionals generated age/cancer type silos, resulting in recruitment of either children or adults, but not both by the same team, and only in the cancer type the recruiting professional was aligned to. At the macro-level the main barrier was discordant configuration of a research service with a clinical service.ConclusionsThis study has identified significant barriers to recruitment mainly at the meso-level and macro-level, which are more challenging for research teams to influence. We suggest that interconnected whole-system changes are required to facilitate the success of interventions designed to improve recruitment. Interventions targeted at study design/management and the micro-level only may be less successful. We offer solutions to be considered by those involved at all levels of research for this population.

Varying Degrees of Support: Understanding Parents’ Positive Attitudes Toward LGBT Coaches

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Cunningham ◽  
E. Nicole Melton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Parental Influences ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Cognitive Influences ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bisexual And Transgender ◽  
Micro Level

The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ supportive attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) coaches, as well as the sources of that support. The authors drew from the model of dual attitudes and a multilevel framework developed for the study to guide the analyses. Interviews were conducted with 10 parents who lived in the southwest United States. Analysis of the data revealed three different types of support: indifference, qualified support, and unequivocal support. Further analyses provided evidence of multilevel factors affecting the support, including those at the macro-level (religion), the meso-level (parental influences and contact with sexual minorities), and the micro-level (affective and cognitive influences) of analysis. Theoretical implications and contributions of the study are discussed.

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