Emergence Reframed

Black Boxes ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 191-214
Author(s):  
Marco J. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Black Boxes

This chapter presents, motivates, and defends a strategy for characterizing emergence and its role in scientific research, grounded in the analysis of black boxes. Emergents can be characterized as black boxes: placeholders in causal explanations represented in models. The present proposal has the welcome implications of bringing together various usages of emergence across domains, and to reconcile emergence with reduction. Yet, this does come at a cost. It requires abandoning a rigid perspective according to which emergence is an intrinsic or absolute feature of systems, in favor or a more contextual approach that relativizes the emergent status of a property or behavior to a specific explanatory frame of reference.

scholarly journals Towards a Contextual Approach to Data Quality

Data ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Stefano Canali
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Philosophy Of Information ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Context Of Use

In this commentary, I propose a framework for thinking about data quality in the context of scientific research. I start by analyzing conceptualizations of quality as a property of information, evidence and data and reviewing research in the philosophy of information, the philosophy of science and the philosophy of biomedicine. I identify a push for purpose dependency as one of the main results of this review. On this basis, I present a contextual approach to data quality in scientific research, whereby the quality of a dataset is dependent on the context of use of the dataset as much as the dataset itself. I exemplify the approach by discussing current critiques and debates of scientific quality, thus showcasing how data quality can be approached contextually.

Personalized Psychiatry and Scientific Causal Explanations: Two Accounts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Kostko ◽  
John Bickle
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Environmental Epigenetics ◽  
Personalized Psychiatry

Contemporary personalized psychiatry faces head-on the tension to be individualized and patient-centered, while also striving to be scientific. We explore this tension by applying two accounts of scientific causal explanation, Woodward’s interventionist account and Silva, Landreth, and Bickle’s metascientific account, to recent research in social neuroscience and environmental epigenetics that bear directly on psychopathology. We’re less concerned in this chapter with which account of causal-mechanistic explanation is right, although we will have some comments about the relative advantages of each. Instead we stress two lessons for personalized psychiatry. First, properly understood, basic scientific research is not necessarily inconsistent with the aims of personalized psychiatry. There are even ways the former can advance the latter. Second, non-epistemic considerations such as clinical utility and therapeutic applicability partly determine which account of scientific causal explanation best fits with reasonable interpretations of personalized psychiatry, including questions about the most appropriate level at which to explain psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Users and Computers - A Contextual Approach to Design of Computer Artifacts

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (507) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Kyng
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Science Section ◽  
The Subject

<p>This note contains a presentation and overwiew of the papers that I have submitted for the degree doctor scientiarum (dr. scient.). Since the papers are written in English the official summary is in Danish. The summary is included at the end of this note.</p><p>The introduction relates the subject matter of the submitted papers to current discussions in computer science. Section two gives a brief account of the research area in question, how it has developed over the last 25 years, and its current status.</p><p>Section three presents and discusses the results structured according to the frame of reference given in section two. For each sub-area the central issues are introduced. Then the results obtained are presented; the practical as well as the theoretical. Finally, a short comparison and evaluation in relation to relevant literature is made.</p><p>Section four contains a short discussion of the methods used, and section five presents ideas for future research.</p>

Statistical analysis of classification

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
T. J. Deeming
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Amount Of Information

If we make a set of measurements, such as narrow-band or multicolour photo-electric measurements, which are designed to improve a scheme of classification, and in particular if they are designed to extend the number of dimensions of classification, i.e. the number of classification parameters, then some important problems of analytical procedure arise. First, it is important not to reproduce the errors of the classification scheme which we are trying to improve. Second, when trying to extend the number of dimensions of classification we have little or nothing with which to test the validity of the new parameters.Problems similar to these have occurred in other areas of scientific research (notably psychology and education) and the branch of Statistics called Multivariate Analysis has been developed to deal with them. The techniques of this subject are largely unknown to astronomers, but, if carefully applied, they should at the very least ensure that the astronomer gets the maximum amount of information out of his data and does not waste his time looking for information which is not there. More optimistically, these techniques are potentially capable of indicating the number of classification parameters necessary and giving specific formulas for computing them, as well as pinpointing those particular measurements which are most crucial for determining the classification parameters.

Replication of Bacteriophage 186 DNA

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
Dhruba K. Chattoraj ◽  
Ross B. Inman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dna Replication ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Dna Molecules ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Phage Dna ◽  
Partial Denaturation

Electron microscopy of replicating intermediates has been quite useful in understanding the mechanism of DNA replication in DNA molecules of bacteriophage, mitochondria and plasmids. The use of partial denaturation mapping has made the tool more powerful by providing a frame of reference by which the position of the replicating forks in bacteriophage DNA can be determined on the circular replicating molecules. This provided an easy means to find the origin and direction of replication in λ and P2 phage DNA molecules. DNA of temperate E. coli phage 186 was found to have an unique denaturation map and encouraged us to look into its mode of replication.

Black Boxes Added To Labels for Elidel And Protopic

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
DEEANNA FRANKLIN
Keyword(s):  
Black Boxes

Rationalization and internalization

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Léon Beauvois
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
Dissonance Reduction

After having been told they were free to accept or refuse, pupils aged 6–7 and 10–11 (tested individually) were led to agree to taste a soup that looked disgusting (phase 1: initial counter-motivational obligation). Before tasting the soup, they had to state what they thought about it. A week later, they were asked whether they wanted to try out some new needles that had supposedly been invented to make vaccinations less painful. Agreement or refusal to try was noted, along with the size of the needle chosen in case of agreement (phase 2: act generalization). The main findings included (1) a strong dissonance reduction effect in phase 1, especially for the younger children (rationalization), (2) a generalization effect in phase 2 (foot-in-the-door effect), and (3) a facilitatory effect on generalization of internal causal explanations about the initial agreement. The results are discussed in relation to the distinction between rationalization and internalization.

Die Spezifität von Begabungsüberzeugungen als Determinante des verbalen und mathematischen Begabungsselbstkonzepts

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Möller ◽  
Britta Pohlmann ◽  
Lilian Streblow ◽  
Julia Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Reference Model ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
External Frame

Zusammenfassung: Das I/E-Modell (“Internal/External Frame of Reference Model”) von Marsh (1986) postuliert, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler dimensionale Vergleiche der eigenen Leistungen in einem Fach mit den Leistungen in einem anderen Fach anstellen. Diese Vergleiche führen dazu, dass z. B. Schüler mit guten Leistungen in Mathematik ihre verbalen Fähigkeiten niedriger einschätzen. Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung mit N = 1114 Probanden ist die Frage, ob die Überzeugungen von Personen zum Zusammenhang von mathematischer und verbaler Begabung die Effekte dimensionaler Vergleiche moderieren. Analysen zeigten die Bedeutung der Begabungsüberzeugungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler: Negative Zusammenhänge zwischen den Fachleistungen in einem Fach und dem akademischen Selbstkonzept in einem anderen Fach ergaben sich insbesondere für Personen, die annehmen, dass Begabung domänenspezifisch ist, man also entweder mathematisch oder sprachlich begabt ist. Für Schüler mit eher wenig spezifischer Begabungsüberzeugung ergaben sich geringere Effekte dimensionaler Vergleiche.

Values and intergroup perceptions of East Germans and West Germans in 1998 1This research was supported by a grant from the German Research Society (We 1106/3-1).

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-272
Author(s):  
Jörg Doll ◽  
Michael Dick
Keyword(s):  
Research Society ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perceived Similarity ◽  
The West ◽  
Need For Uniqueness ◽  
German Research ◽  
East German ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
East West

The studies reported here focus on similarities and dissimilarities between the terminal value hierarchies ( Rokeach, 1973 ) ascribed to different groups ( Schwartz & Struch, 1990 ). In Study 1, n = 65 East Germans and n = 110 West Germans mutually assess the respective ingroup and outgroup. In this intra-German comparison the West Germans, with a mean intraindividual correlation of rho = 0.609, perceive a significantly greater East-West similarity between the group-related value hierarchies than the East Germans, with a mean rho = 0.400. Study 2 gives East German subjects either a Swiss (n = 58) or Polish (n = 59) frame of reference in the comparison between the categories German and East German. Whereas the Swiss frame of reference should arouse a need for uniqueness, the Polish frame of reference should arouse a need for similarity. In accordance with expectations, the Swiss frame of reference significantly reduces the correlative similarity between German and East German from a mean rho = 0.703 in a control group (n = 59) to a mean rho = 0.518 in the experimental group. Contrary to expectations, the Polish frame of reference does not lead to an increase in perceived similarity (mean rho = 0.712).

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