The Anomaly of ‘Animal’

2021 ◽  
pp. 206-242
Author(s):  
Samiparna Samanta
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Complex Fault ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
Cruelty To Animals

This chapter uses carters’ strikes led by bullock-cart drivers in late 19th- and early 20th-century Calcutta to explicate the tensions inherent in colonial animal protection legislations. More specifically, it illustrates how a single decisive event – the carters’ strike of 1862 – confronted two parallel and conflicting worlds, that of the poor, uneducated carters and the Calcutta Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (CSPCA). This historic moment is significant not only because it witnessed the meeting of these two worlds, but because by making the animals a mere proxy protagonist, it revealed the complex fault-lines within a colonial society. The human and the nonhuman subalterns – carters and bullocks, found their fates intertwined as the disadvantaged actors in a powerful, but unsuccessful protectionist crusade. Finally, the chapter reveals that while legislations and newer inventions all worked to unburden the overloaded animal, however, in a perfect colonial irony, the meaning of “animal” itself was left vague and amorphous in the British imagination.

“No Day without a Deed to Crown It”

Meeting Place ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Social Division ◽  
The Poor ◽  
International Fellowship ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Chinese Girls

The Ministering Children’s League was founded in Britain in 1885 with the aim of cultivating among children of the rich a desire to feel empathy with the poor and suffering. Examining the work of the league’s branch in Hong Kong in the early 20th century, this chapter argues that the decision by Flora Shaw, the activist wife of the Governor, Sir Frederick Lugard, to include Chinese girls as members broke down the race-bound relations between ‘benevolents’ and ‘beneficiaries’ and, in providing opportunities for Chinese and European children to work together and mingle socially, led to unintended consequences, and complicated the idea that ‘Empire’ was a straightforward story of social division and ethnic segregation. Under the aegis of empire-sponsored philanthropy, children in Hong Kong assumed the spirit of public service while learning to see themselves as part of a multicultural, international fellowship of childhood.

Hard, Hard Religion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hayes
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Poor Whites ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Religious Vision ◽  
The Poor ◽  
European Tradition ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
New Synthesis

This close analysis of faith and class shows that in the early 20th century South, poor whites and poor blacks exchanged songs, tales, lore, material display, and proverbs with each other, forging a shared religious vision and learning from each other about what it meant to live as Christians in a world of severe struggle. Beneath the well-documented religious forms of the New South’s “Bible Belt”, this folk Christianity spoke from the margins of capitalist development, giving voice to modern phenomena like alienation and disenchantment. Through haunting songs of death, mystical tales of conversion, grassroots sacramental displays, and an ethic of neighborliness, impoverished folk Christians looked for the sacred in their midst and affirmed the value of this life in this world. From Tom Watson and W.E.B. Du Bois over a century ago to political commentators today, many have ruminated on how, despite material commonalities, the poor of the South have been perennially divided by racism. Through its excavation of a folk Christianity of the poor that fused strands of African and European tradition into a new synthesis, this book recovers a historically contingent moment of interracial exchange.

scholarly journals Benih Mardeka in the Political Movement in East Sumatra, 1916–1923

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-157
Author(s):  
Budi Agustono ◽  
Kiki Maulana Affandi ◽  
Junaidi Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The Poor ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The Press ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
The Voice

This study aims to explain the movements, relationships and roles of Benih Mardeka newspaper in the political movement in East Sumatra from the period 1916 to 1923. Political movements took place as a result of rapid developments in the early 20th century in East Sumatra into a prosperous plantation area. The movements were carried by organisations delivered through propaganda tools or media, namely newspapers. One of the newspapers that loudly voiced national movement and nationalism in East Sumatra was Benih Mardeka newspaper, which began to appear in 1916. This study uses historical methods that include heuristic, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results showed that many articles in Benih Mardeka frequently criticised the issues of colonialism and capitalism. Meanwhile, the poor life of plantation workers became propaganda material for Benih Mardeka in criticising colonial and self-government as well as capitalists, namely plantation companies. Benih Mardeka was also a mouthpiece or tool for Sarekat Islam in conveying the idea of nation and nationalism. Hence, it can be concluded that Benih Mardeka consistently gave the voice of national movement and nationalism in the political movement and the press in East Sumatra.

scholarly journals Policy of Kampong Improvement and Public Housing: Surabaya Colonial Period (1900—1940)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idam Setiyawan
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
City Government ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Poor Condition ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Community People

The origins of the policy of kampong improvement and public housing beginning of the 20th century and anyone who participated in it in encouraging the policy and its results originated from the poor condition of the kampong environment in the Surabaya city since the 1900s, which has caused the spread infectious diseases and casualties for the urban community and the lack of provision of adequate housing for them. Kampong and people’s housing problems developed in 1925, along with the ethical political discourse of the Indies in the early 20th century. The characters such as Tillema, Thomas Karsten, Von Vaber, Westerveld and dr Soetomo began to participate. kampong situation and lack of public housing eventually became the attention of Surabaya city government. The improvement of indigenous kampong in Krembangan and other kampong. And the construction of public housing for the community people in Sidodadi and other areas has been done and has become one of the most interesting portraits in the policy of kampong improvement and public housing in Surabaya city.

scholarly journals The Rhetoric of Paintings: Balinese Painters, Dutch Colonists and the Question of Gender Relationships in 19th and Early 20th Century Bali

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Peter Worsley
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Tijdschrift Voor ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
The One ◽  
Dutch Colonial

The present essay is about the interpretation of paintings and how an interest which Balinese painters display in gender relationships in the context of illustrations of ritual in their narrative works on the one hand, contrasts with strong expressions of Dutch disapproval of the despotic nature of the rule of Balinese kings and consequentially the unjust treatment of women in Balinese society on the other. With this in mind, the present paper first considers the representation of gender relationships in a number of Balinese paintings from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and then turns to a discussion of the understanding of Balinese gender relationships of two members of Dutch colonial society in the Dutch East Indies, one a senior bureaucrat, Graaf C.W.S van Hogendorp and the other the protestant missionary R. van Eck. I discuss a play by Graaf C.W.S van Hogendorp, ‘Pièce de Circonstance sur la conquête de Bali 1846’, written to celebrate the victory of the Dutch army over the Kingdom of Buleleng in 1846 and an article about ‘Het Lot der Vrouw op Bali’ (‘The lot of the Balinese woman’), published in the journal Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde in 1872 by the protestant missionary R. van Eck.

scholarly journals Stumping and Stunts: Walking in Circles in the “Go-As-You-Please” Race

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-150
Author(s):  
Kirstin Smith
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Performance Art ◽  
York City ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Theatrical Performance ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
Work And Life

New York City, 1884: 14 contestants set out to walk round and round a track for six days in the “go-as-you-please” race, taking as little rest as possible. What does this durational act tell us about a type of performance just beginning to be named in New York slang as a “stunt”? Anticipating early-20th-century dance marathons and later durational performance art, the race enacted and troubled circulation, revealing fault lines of valorization: between work and leisure, work and life, and sporting and theatrical performance.

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