Coinages

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Timothy Alborn
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Divided Society ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Gold Coins

“Coinages” emphasizes the irony that gold coins recurrently needed to be weighed by consumers despite bearing stamps that attested to their legal weight. As guineas (and then sovereigns, from 1817), gold embodied the coin of the realm, and in the process divided society between those who could or could not afford to carry them in their pockets or store them in their bank. Before 1800, employers and landed elites almost exclusively comprised the former class, while the vast majority of the population struggled to find small change; after a twenty-year hiatus in which paper money mostly replaced gold, sovereigns made their debut in 1817, with a wider circulation that reflected rising standards of living. Although gold coins mainly signified economic power, social status sometimes appeared around the edges: for instance, in the survival of guineas after 1820 as the preferred denomination of doctors and lawyers.

The Standard of Living in Pakistan --- Better or Worse?

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Salman Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Common People ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Common

In a democracy there is scarcely any public question of greater importance than the standard of living of the common people. It is essential to know the actual level of this standard of living, and whether it is improving or deteriorating. There can be two types of standards of living. One is the standard of living of the society as a whole, and the other is the standard of a group within the society. It is perfectly possible for the standard of the society as a whole to be improving, while that of one or more groups within the society is declining. Moreover, if the distribution of economic power in the society is very unequal, it may happen that the group, the standard of which is declining may constitute a very large proportion, even a majority, of the total population.

ASME’s Social Economy

1980 ◽  
pp. 76-112
Author(s):  
Bruce Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Psychology ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Social Purpose ◽  
Technical Purpose ◽  
Analytical Category

What ASME’s founders distinguished as its social purpose and as its technical purpose became two great currents flowing through the Society’s history. One expressed the application of rigorous training and specialized knowledge to the solution of technical problems. The other, a less natural analytical category, reflected the engineer’s desire for social status and for political and economic power. Over the years, these elements have been mixed in various and often contradictory combinations, and have assumed forms that differed substantially from one time to another. But perhaps in the way that the search for identity describes a kind of continual force in individual psychology, so the interplay of its social and technical characteristics has from the beginning defined the essence of ASME’s nature.

Coins

2019 ◽  
pp. 383-400
Author(s):  
John W. Betlyon
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Small Change ◽  
City States ◽  
Gold Coins

The coins of the Phoenician city-states were struck in the fifth and fourth centuries bce. Influenced by coins struck in Greece and eastern Greece, Sidon, Tyre, Byblos, and Aradus struck coins in silver and bronze. These coins functioned as the “small change” for the gold coins struck by the imperial mint of Achaemenid Persia. The production of these coins aided in everyday commerce and in the collection of tariffs and taxes. Early studies of these coins were inevitably connected to the great royal collections of Europe in London and Paris. Major studies of these coins appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. More recent archaeological discoveries in Lebanon have included an inscription which expanded knowledge of the king list of the Phoenician city of Sidon in the fifth and fourth centuries bce. New historical sources such as this inscription published by Maurice Dunand in 1965 have enabled scholars to propose new and more accurate chronologies for the earliest coins of the Phoenicians. Sidon was the largest of the Phoenician mints, with coins struck between the late fifth century and the coming of Alexander the Great in 332 bce. Tyre, Aradus, and Byblos also struck coins, and together with those of Sidon, provided the denominations required to fuel the Phoenician (and therefore Persian) economy of the period. These coins enabled the Phoenician city-states to compete more favorably with their Greek and East Greek neighbors to the west. The coins of Tyre undoubtedly inspired the Tyrian colony of Carthage to strike coins beginning late in the fourth century bce.

In Search of the Urban Middle Class: Record linkage and methodology: Leeds 1832

Urban History ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Record Linkage ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Minimal Level ◽  
State Action ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Present Understanding

The developing techniques of historical nominal record linkage can make substantial contributions to the questions raised by our present understanding of the urban middle class in the first half of the nineteenth century. Cheap printing, institutionalization, and increasing political and state action provided a growing variety of information about individuals – directories, poll books, lists of shareholders, pewholders, stallholders, members of committees and societies, signatures to petitions and requisitions, wills, insurance policies, and by the 1840s marriage and census data. By their nature most of these listings were concerned with the politically and socially active, and with those above a minimal level of social status and economic power. In practice, this meant predominantly but not exclusively members of a potential middle class. Under certain constraints the lists may be merged to provide surrogate answers to some ghostly questionnaire regarding patterns of association, behaviour and social status, major social divisions and networks, and the characteristics of those who took part in institutions and activities traditionally identified with the middle class.

Reconstructions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Social Status ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
New Family ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
British Colony ◽  
Good Living ◽  
First Time ◽  
Gold Coins

In 1869, Church Vaughan’s relatives in South Carolina heard from him for the first time in years. While they were struggling in the Reconstruction South, their kinsman had moved to Lagos, now a British colony, and was building a prosperous business and a new family. His success was clear from the gifts that he sent: gold coins. In comparing the lives of Church Vaughan and his American relatives, this chapter considers the prospects for freedom in postbellum South Carolina and early colonial Lagos. Although slavery had been outlawed in both places, the key difference between the two was white supremacy. In South Carolina, not only did former slaveholders and their supporters endeavor to restrict the freedoms of the previously enslaved; in their vision, all people of color should occupy the lowest economic and social status. In Lagos, to the contrary, colonial rule did not bring an influx of Europeans, and white supremacy did not flourish. Church Vaughan and other newcomers to Lagos were largely free from extractive patronage relationships and personal violence, and they were free to make a good living. In this way, Vaughan had opportunities in colonial Lagos that his relatives in South Carolina no longer enjoyed.

Lessons for Social Protection from the COVID-19 Lockdowns Report 1 of 2: State Relief

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam Bhan ◽  
Antara Rai Chowdhury ◽  
Neha Margosa ◽  
Kinjal Sampat ◽  
Nidhi Sohane
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Protection Policy ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday

This report seeks to use COVID-19 and its attendant lockdowns in India as a crucial moment to assess social protection. Policy and scholarship both recognize that social protection plays an important role in alleviating poverty, improving standards of living, mitigating risks and shocks, and reducing episodes of financial adversities (Conway & Norton, 2002). We understandsocial protection as “all public and privateinitiatives that provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalized; with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable and marginalized groups” (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004). Social protection thus includes measures that are protective against destitution— both amidst crisis as well as in the everyday— as well as promotive in how they enable individuals, households and communities to thrive and flourish rather than just survive (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004).

Reduction of spermatogonia and testosterone in rat testes flown on space lab-3

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Delbert E. Philpott ◽  
W. Sapp ◽  
C. Williams ◽  
T. Fast ◽  
J. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Reproductive Maturation ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Space Lab 3 (SL-3) was flown on Shuttle Challenger providing an opportunity to measure the effect of spaceflight on rat testes. Cannon developed the idea that organisms react to unfavorable conditions with highly integrated metabolic activities. Selye summarized the manifestations of physiological response to nonspecific stress and he pointed out that atrophy of the gonads always occurred. Many papers have been published showing the effects of social interaction, crowding, peck order and confinement. Flickinger showed delayed testicular development in subordinate roosters influenced by group numbers, social rank and social status. Christian reported increasing population size in mice resulted in adrenal hypertrophy, inhibition of reproductive maturation and loss of reproductive function in adults. Sex organ weights also declined. Two male dogs were flown on Cosmos 110 for 22 days. Fedorova reported an increase of 30 to 70% atypical spermatozoa consisting of tail curling and/or the absence of a tail.

Adolescent Voice Quality Aberrations: Personality and Social Status

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Muma ◽  
Ronald L. Laeder ◽  
Clarence E. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peer Evaluations ◽  
Adolescent Voice

Seventy-eight subjects, identified as possessing voice quality aberrations for six months, constituted four experimental groups: breathiness, harshness, hoarseness, and nasality. A control group included 38 subjects. The four experimental groups were compared with the control group according to personality characteristics and peer evaluations. The results of these comparisons indicated that there was no relationship between voice quality aberration and either personality characteristics or peer evaluations.

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