Formative digital and online technologies in news and journalism
Online news systems share some affordances of Turing’s universal machine, especially configurability, but the early generation of web standards enabled data sharing, interoperability, and ultimately frameworks to reasoning about digital resources. At the backend of online news, indexing, mark-up languages, and applied logic, provide a base for machine intelligence that ultimately extends to cloud servers and big data. However, XML languages, like RSS, enabled the first phase of sharing stories in the form of newsfeeds. Specific mark-up for online news, such a NewsML, also defined layout and other features of news sites. Tim Berners-Lee established the W3C for online standards in the 1980s, and then on the cusp of the 21st century he proposed semantic and structured approaches for meaningful data sharing online. However, in subsequent years entrepreneurs have appropriated semantic approaches for different ends. The atomisation of data also introduces “personalised” data preferences to pitch news stories.