Overview

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Daniel Westreich
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
The Core ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Effect Estimation ◽  
Study Designs

The study of epidemiology is about learning to ask, and answer, good questions in population health. The first section of the book lays the groundwork for understanding how study designs work, what they estimate, and how they can fail. These chapters give an overview of prevalence and incidence, measures of contrast such as risk differences and risk ratios, principles of causal inference and causal effect estimation, diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. The second section of the book builds on the core concepts of measuring disease and assessing causality to describe the study designs that are the core tools of epidemiology. This section focuses on randomized trials, observational cohort studies, and case-control studies; the author briefly addresses additional study designs including quasi-experiments. The final section discusses the causal impact approach to epidemiologic methods for moving from internally valid estimates to externally valid estimates to valid estimates of the effects of population interventions

Epidemiology by Design

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Westreich
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Study Designs

As the cornerstone science of public health, evidence-based medicine, and comparative effectiveness research, a clear understanding of study designs is central to the study of epidemiology. Causal inference is increasingly being understood as the theoretical foundation underlying epidemiologic study designs and the science as a whole. This textbook takes a causal approach to traditional introductory epidemiology, through the organizing principle of study designs and the lens of modern causal inference approaches (potential outcomes, counterfactuals, identification conditions). The intended audience is first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates in epidemiology and allied fields more broadly. Section I introduces measures of prevalence and incidence (survival curves, risks, rates, odds) and measures of contrast (differences, ratios), the fundamentals of causal inference, and principles of diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. Section II describes three key study designs through the lens of causal inference: randomized trials, prospective observational cohort studies, and case-control studies. For each, the author discusses logistics and conduct, advantages and disadvantages including biases, basic approaches to analysis, and briefly reviews several additional study designs. Section III extends material in previous sections, moving from concerns about internal validity (within a sample) to questions of external validity and population impact. This book provides new students with a rigorous foundation in epidemiologic methods and an introduction to methods and thinking in causal inference, serving as an excellent foundation for further study of the field.

scholarly journals Research made Easy: Answering Important Questions with Valid Designs

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Harman Chaudhry ◽  
Mohit Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Study Designs

ABSTRACT Clinical research fundamentally involves finding answers to questions. Next to asking important questions, determining what type of study design to use is arguably the most pivotal step for a researcher. In this article, we provide an overview of various clinical study designs, including case reports and series, case-control studies, observational cohort studies, randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. We aim to elucidate the utility, advantages and drawbacks of these study designs in order to assist researchers in selecting the most valid design for their research question. How to cite this article Chaudhry H, Bhandari M. Research made Easy: Answering Important Questions with Valid Designs. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(1):8-11

scholarly journals Diagnostic testing: an emergency medicine perspective

CJEM ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (05) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Worster ◽  
Grant Innes ◽  
Riyad B. Abu-Laban
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Test Probability

ABSTRACT: Emergency physicians use diagnostic tests extensively, and the ability to order and interpret test results appropriately is a critical skill. An understanding of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios, as well as an awareness of the importance of pre-test probability, is essential. The purpose of this article is to explain, in a straightforward and clinically applicable manner, the core concepts related to diagnostic testing.

The Core Concepts, Skills, and Components Curriculum: Increasing Trauma Expertise in Practitioners

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Layne ◽  
Abigail Gewirtz ◽  
Chandra Ghosh Ippen ◽  
Renee Dominguez ◽  
Robert Abramovitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
Core Concepts

Jumping, Climbing and Suspensory Locomotion

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Power Amplification ◽  
Core Concepts

Jumping, climbing and suspensory locomotion are specialized locomotor mechanisms used on land and in the air. Jumping is used for rapid launches from substrates. Climbing and suspensory movements enable locomotion up, under and through vertically-structured habitats, such as forests. Elastic energy storage is particularly important for jumping and catapult systems and we address the core concepts of power amplification that are exemplified in nature’s extreme jumpers. We examine the diverse mechanisms of attachment that characterize animals that can grasp and adhere to a diversity of structures. We conclude the chapter by examining the integration of biological capabilities with engineering innovations in these systems.

Improved Jitter Buffer Management for WebRTC

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Yusuf Cinar ◽  
Peter Pocta ◽  
Desmond Chambers ◽  
Hugh Melvin
Keyword(s):  
Voice Quality ◽  
Buffer Management ◽  
Voice Over Ip ◽  
The Core ◽  
Management Algorithm ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Novel Strategy

This work studies the jitter buffer management algorithm for Voice over IP in WebRTC. In particular, it details the core concepts of WebRTC’s jitter buffer management. Furthermore, it investigates how jitter buffer management algorithm behaves under network conditions with packet bursts. It also proposes an approach, different from the default WebRTC algorithm, to avoid distortions that occur under such network conditions. Under packet bursts, when the packet buffer becomes full, the WebRTC jitter buffer algorithm may discard all the packets in the buffer to make room for incoming packets. The proposed approach offers a novel strategy to minimize the number of packets discarded in the presence of packet bursts. Therefore, voice quality as perceived by the user is improved. ITU-T Rec. P.863, which also confirms the improvement, is employed to objectively evaluate the listening quality.

Using the Core Concepts Framework to Understand Three Generations of Inclusive Practices

Inclusion ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karrie A. Shogren ◽  
Michael L. Wehmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Research Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Inclusive Practices ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Inclusive Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article analyzes the relationship between the core concepts of disability policy and the three generations of inclusive practices. Specifically, we review the three generations of inclusive practice, highlighting the core concepts that have been most strongly emphasized during each generation of inclusive practices. Because we are early in the third generation of inclusive practices, we conclude by examining how the core concepts can guide and direct third generation inclusive practices and how future research, policy, and practice can actualize the aspirational values of all of the core concepts to enable desired outcomes.

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