Traveling from the Past into the Future of Cross-Cultural Psychology

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Harris Bond
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Functioning

This chapter is a personal synthesis of the past five decades of research efforts to understand cultural influences on individual social-personality processes and outcomes. The author identifies four developmental stages in refining our conceptualization of how culture impacts upon individual functioning and discusses problems associated with each stage: in the Eureka Stage, cross-cultural researchers documented average differences between samples from two or occasionally more cultural groups and speculated about reasons for these differences. In the Mercator Stage, psychological measures taken from many cultural groups were averaged then factor analyzed to provide culture-level mappings of groups. In the Psychological Unpackaging Stage, cultural differences in psychological measures were shown to be associated with personality differences distinguishing the cultural groups. In the Cross-Level Stage, sufficient numbers of cultural groups have been assessed to enable empirical evidence to indicate what features of the cultures involved might influence the psychological processes and outcomes examined. Increasingly, individuals are treated as polycultural, introducing further complexity into research on culture’s influence.

Cross-Cultural Assessment of Situational Experience

2019 ◽  
pp. 218-229
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn Gardiner ◽  
Erica Baranski ◽  
Janina Larissa Buehler
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Situational Cues ◽  
Cultural Assessment ◽  
Situational Experience

Cross-cultural psychology can benefit from the incorporation of psychological situations and the investigation of how cultural influences are manifested in our daily lives. In this chapter, we review the current literature on cross-cultural assessments of situations under the framework of cues (objective attributes of a situation), characteristics (meaning or interpretation of cues), and classes (groups of situations based on cues or characteristics). Cultural situational cues, such as the weather or population density, vary both in frequency and in interpretation across countries. Characteristics of situations differ in the meaning individuals ascribe to cues, the affective response to situations based on culture socialization, and the amount of agency or autonomy perceived in situations. Lastly, classes of situations (e.g., education settings, the workplace, romantic relationships), provide a useful method of grouping common situations for understanding cultural differences.

Current Perspectives in the Study of Personality Across Cultures

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Timothy Church
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Life Narratives ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms

A comprehensive conception of personality would incorporate dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and life narratives considered within evolutionary and cultural contexts ( McAdams & Pals, 2006 ). In this article, I review evolutionary, cross-cultural, indigenous, and cultural psychology perspectives as they address these different aspects of personality across cultures. Evolutionary psychologists have focused most on evolved human nature (e.g., species-typical psychological mechanisms) and have recently considered evolutionary bases for heritable variation in dispositional traits. Cross-cultural psychologists have primarily addressed the universality of dispositional traits (e.g., the Five Factor Model) and characteristic adaptations (e.g., values, motives, and beliefs). Indigenous psychologists elaborate salient personality constructs for specific cultural groups, raising the question of whether these constructs represent culture-unique traits or culture-relevant expressions of universal dimensions (i.e., characteristic adaptations). Cultural psychologists de-emphasize dispositional traits, propose cultural differences in characteristic adaptations (e.g., conceptions of personality and self) and life narratives, and investigate dynamic constructivist perspectives on culture. After the review, I consider what an integration of these perspectives might look like and offer suggestions for research.

scholarly journals Mask Up: Exploring Cross-Cultural Influences on Mask-Making Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 0887302X2110127
Author(s):  
Kim H. Y. Hahn ◽  
Gargi Bhaduri
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The World ◽  
India And China

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, people from around the world made numerous homemade masks for themselves and their community due to shortage of medical masks as well as to stop the spread of COVID-19. The purpose of the current study was to conduct cross cultural exploration of the reasons for making masks, self-construal and wellbeing associated with masks making by collecting data from residents across US, India, and China. The finding of this study presented different reasons for making masks as well as self-construal, and wellbeing in people who made masks versus those who did not. Differences were also observed among three different cultural groups. This study offers a unique contribution to the public health research engaging in craft making related activities to gain a better perspective of the state of health of a population and the understanding of cross-cultural study of craft making behavior during the pandemic.

CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC: CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SECOND-LANGUAGE WRITING.Ulla Connor. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xv + 201. $47.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-116
Author(s):  
Dave Mosher
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Contrastive Rhetoric ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Writing Major ◽  
Cognitive Dimensions

This volume charts the development of contrastive rhetoric (CR) over the past 30 years. Although CR has not attempted to identify developmental stages of L2 writers, it is essentially the study of transfer: the influence of L1 writing conventions and cultural and cognitive dimensions on L2 writing. Major strengths of this book are its critical review of the literature, concise definitions, and documentation of the progression of CR from narrow L2 text-based analyses to the inclusion of multiple approaches.

scholarly journals Culture, Temporal Focus, and Values of the Past and the Future

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1030-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tieyuan Guo ◽  
Li-Jun Ji ◽  
Roy Spina ◽  
Zhiyong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Future Event ◽  
Asymmetry Effect ◽  
Past Event ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese Canadians ◽  
The Future ◽  
Temporal Focus

This article examines cultural differences in how people value future and past events. Throughout four studies, the authors found that European Canadians attached more monetary value to an event in the future than to an identical event in the past, whereas Chinese and Chinese Canadians placed more monetary value to a past event than to an identical future event. The authors also showed that temporal focus—thinking about the past or future—explained cultural influences on the temporal value asymmetry effect. Specifically, when induced to think about and focus on the future, Chinese valued the future more than the past, just like Euro-Canadians; when induced to think about and focus on the past, Euro-Canadians valued the past more than the future, just like Chinese.

PRIORITIES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: PERSPECTIVES, DECISION-MAKING, AND EMPATHY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afton Nelson ◽  
Kristijan Civljak ◽  
Heather Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Subjective Reports

The rapid and ongoing evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reactionary decision-making and emphasized discord arising from uncertainty. Given that countries have dealt with the pandemic quite differently thus far, it was relevant to explore the undertones of decision-making, as well as the perspectives of the individuals who are affected. The study aimed to investigate the role of confidence and decision-making in pandemic behaviors as well as related pandemic perspectives. The present article discusses findings concerning pandemic-specific decision-making, the influence of empathy on decision-making, and qualitative reports from respondents. The analyzed sample included 561 respondents divided into three cultural groups based on response distribution, geography, and general cultural categorizations (e.g., Western vs. non-Western). The findings revealed insights into the decision-making of pandemic consequences, as well as a lack of cross-cultural differences within the sample. Subjective reports highlighted key themes including trust in science, prevention and preparedness, and suggested next steps from the respondents’ perspectives. These findings from across the globe call for further investigation into cross-cultural decision-making in the pandemic.

Micro-cultural influences on theory of mind development

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ike Anggraika Kuntoro ◽  
Liliek Saraswati ◽  
Candida Peterson ◽  
Virginia Slaughter
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Class Groups ◽  
Life Circumstances

We investigated cultural influences on young children’s acquisition of social-cognitive concepts. A theory of mind (ToM) scale (Wellman & Liu, 2004) was given to 129 children (71 boys, 58 girls) ranging in age from 3 years 0 months to 7 years 10 months. The children were from three distinct cultural groups: (a) trash pickers ( pemulung) living a subsistence lifestyle in Jakarta, Indonesia; (b) middle-class Jakartans living and attending preschools within 5 km of the pemulung group; and (c) middle-class Australians. All children were individually tested in their native language. Cross-group comparisons revealed no significant differences among the three groups in mastery of false belief (the traditional ToM indicator), despite their widely different socio-economic circumstances. However, the pemulung children were slower than the two middle-class groups in mastering two other ToM concepts, namely knowledge access and emotion concealment. These findings shed new light on patterns of cross-cultural consistency in false-belief mastery, as well as revealing cross-cultural variation in other ToM concepts that plausibly reflect variation in children’s everyday life circumstances.

scholarly journals Perception of facial emotional expressions by representatives of Asian and European cultural groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.G. Khoze ◽  
O.A. Korolkova ◽  
N.Yu. Zhizhnikova ◽  
M.V. Zubareva
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Study ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Study

The article presents the results of a cross-cultural study of the perception of basic emotional expressions by representatives of Asian and European cultural groups and compares them with the results obtained earlier on Russian sample. Emotional expressions from VEPEL database (Kurakova, 2012) were used as stimuli. We revealed invariant perception within a cultural group and cross-cultural differences in perception of the basic emotions of fear, disgust and anger between Asian and Russian cultural groups; in perception of surprise, fear, disgust and anger between European and Russian cultural groups; and in perception of fear, sadness, disgust and anger between European and Asian cultural groups.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural emotion recognition in adults and children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belle Nicole Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Identification ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Exposure ◽  
Adults And Children

The current studies investigated cross-cultural emotion recognition in South Asian and Caucasian Canadian adults and children. The two main goals of the current research were to disentangle the effects of culture and race on cross-cultural emotion recognition and to chart the development of cross-cultural differences in emotion recognition. Both adults and children completed an emotion recognition task, viewing faces of four different racial/cultural groups (South Asian Canadians and immigrants, Caucasian Canadian and immigrants). Adults completed a cultural identification task with these four racial/cultural groups and a contact questionnaire that assessed their exposure to Caucasian and South Asian individuals. Findings revealed that Caucasian and South Asian Canadian adults showed cross-cultural differences in emotion recognition; however, children did not. Furthermore, adults were able to identify the cultural background of Caucasian and South Asian faces at above-chance levels. Finally, results indicated that higher levels of cross-cultural exposure were related to improved cross-cultural emotion recognition for Caucasian adults only.

Cultural influences on the design and management of transnational higher education programs in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-283
Author(s):  
Lan He ◽  
Ersi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Degree Program ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Management Mode ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Transnational Higher Education

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the influence of cultural differences on the design and management of two franchise programs and one joint degree program run by a Chinese university in partnership with a British university and a French university. The cross-cultural challenges and the differences in the strategies taken by the managers in both types of program to deal with such challenges are analyzed. The frameworks for such strategies are also proposed. Design/methodology/approach A case study approach was used for the analysis. Participatory observation and interview were adopted to collect information in combination with the written reports on the programs. The interviewees included managers, faculty members, and students. Thematic analysis was conducted to find out the common themes from the coded data. Findings For franchise programs, the British university takes a “collaborating” strategy focusing on globalization, which is combined with the “compromising” strategy of the Chinese partner university focusing on localization. Both parties keep their different styles of management and combine them into one new management mode. By contrast, in the joint degree program, the French management mode can be described as a “collaborating” strategy toward the management of the Chinese students and curriculum, while the Chinese managers are seeking to progressively “accommodate” the needs of the French students. Originality/value Few studies in the current literature are targeted at the cultural influences on the design and management of transnational higher education (TNHE) programs as well as the proper management strategies to deal with such cultural differences. The result of this study will provide useful advice for researchers and practitioners in cross-cultural management of TNHE programs.

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