The author has examined the structure of the crystalline lens of the eye of a great variety of animals belonging to each of the four classes of Vertebrata; and has communicated in this paper a detailed account of his observations, arranged according as they relate to structures more and more complex. In a former paper, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833, the lens of the Cod fish was taken as the type of the simplest of these structures, in as much as all the fibres of which it is composed converge, like the meridians of a globe, to two opposite points, or poles, of a spheroid or lenticular solid; both of which poles are situated in the axis of vision. The structure which ranks next in respect of simplicity is that exhibited in the Salmon, among fishes; in the Gecko, among reptiles; and in the Hare, among Mammalia. It presents at each pole two septa placed in one continuous line, in different points of which all the fibres proceeding from the one surface to the other have their origin and termination. A structure somewhat more complex is met with in the lenses of most of the Mammalia, and is particularly exemplified in the lion, the tiger, the horse, and the ox. Three septa occur at each pole in the form of diverging lines inclined to one another at angles of 120°. The next degree of complexity is presented in the lens of the whale, the seal, and the bear, which contain, instead of three, four septa on each side, placed at right angles to each other in the form of a cross. In some specimens of lenses of whales and seals the author observed two septa from each pole, forming one continuous line, from each of the extremities of which proceeded two others, which were at right angles relatively to one another : so that there were in all five on each surface. The most complex structure is that of the lens of the elephant, which exhibits three primary septa diverging at equal angles from the pole, and at their extremities bifurcating into two additional septa, which are inclined to each other at angles of 60°, these latter being the real septa, to which the fibrous radiations are principally related. In some lenses of the elephant the author found the three septa immediately proceeding from the poles exceedingly short, and approaching to evanescence ; so that he has no doubt that occasionally they may be found to have disappeared, and that the other six septa will then all diverge from the poles, like the radii ot a hexagon, at angles of 60°. In all the preceding cases, where the arrangement of the fibres is symmetrical on the two sides, the septa on the opposite surface of the lens occupy positions which are reversed with respect to one another; thus in the simple case of the double septa at each pole, the line formed by those of the posterior surface is situated at right angles to that formed by the septa of the anterior surface. Where there are three divergent septa at each pole, the direction of those on the one side bisect the angles formed by those on the other side; and again, where the septa form a rectangular cross, those of one surface are inclined 45° to those of the other surface.
Adipo-Myokines: Two Sides of the Same Coin—Mediators of Inflammation and Mediators of Exercise
