Evil and the Subordination of the Moral Law
This chapter asks what it means to say, as Kant does in the Religion, that evil consists in the “subordination” of the moral law to self-love. In other words, it is asked what kinds of formal arrangements between the incentives of practical reason—self-love and respect for the law—are possible in an evil will. While evil can consist in the “prioritization” of self-love over respect for the law, such prioritization is not, it is argued, the only way the incentives of practical reason can be wrongfully arranged. There is good reason to think that, for Kant, evil can result from “overdetermination” or the attempt to incorporate the incentives of both respect and self-love alongside one another in the same fundamental maxim. This proposal is defended throughout the chapter, with care taken to explain its philosophical value and the textual evidence directly or indirectly in its favor.