Harmony Simplified

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Yust
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Harmonic Functions ◽  
Voice Leading ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Harmonic Progression ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Harmonic Techniques

The syntactic norms of common practice harmony are well known, but we lack good explanations for them. A theory of convergence is offered to explain how dominant and predominant harmonic functions work in tonal music. A geometric Tonnetz and concepts of triadic orbits and simple triadic voice leading are then developed to distinguish different types of harmonic progression, neighbouring, sequential, and cadential, with distinct formal functions. The concepts of triadic convergence and triadic cycles are then generalized to the diatonic dimension of the Tonnetz, leading to analogous concepts of enharmonic convergence and enharmonic tour useful for understanding nineteenth-century harmonic techniques.

United and Uniting Churches

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Haire
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
Ecumenical Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
World Council ◽  
History Of

United and uniting churches have made a very significant contribution to the ecumenical movement. In seeking to assess that contribution, the chapter first defines what these churches are, considers the different types of union that have been created, examines the characteristics of these churches, and looks at the theological rationale for them. It goes on to trace the history of their formation from the beginning of the nineteenth century, and particularly during the years leading up to and following the Third Assembly of the World Council of Churches at New Delhi in 1961, under the influence of Lesslie Newbigin. Giving a theological assessment, it emphasizes that the existence of these churches, despite difficulties, provides places where the final unity of Christ’s one body is most clearly foreshadowed. They will always present proleptic visions of that goal.

Modern Rebels?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
Revolutionary Violence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Revolutionary Movements ◽  
New Strategies

This chapter explores different types of revolutionary violence adopted by Irish nationalists in Ireland and the Irish diaspora in the nineteenth century. Due to the limitations of past rebellions, militant nationalists sought to adopt new strategies that embraced science and modernity. This led to the adoption of an urban-bombing campaign in the 1880s carried out by networks of militants across Ireland, Europe, and the United States. Far from being peculiar to Irish nationalism, these violent strategies found parallels with other revolutionary movements in Europe and the United States.

Projectile Weapons

2017 ◽  
pp. 94-117
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Different Types

The author shows some examples in order to see how justifications can be constructed, and defeated. Projectile weapons belong to many different types or categories, and in this chapter, the author considers examples of artillery and infantry weapons. He includes among the former torsion artillery developed by the Greeks over two millennia ago. This interesting example shows that weapons design has a long history. He considers the development of the modern rifle, which had its genesis in the nineteenth century, and the modern assault rifle. In all of these cases, the weapons were produced at one time and place, in one context, and came to be used in future times and places which the weapons designers could not have known about. To mention one example here, the standard German infantry rifle of both world wars first came into production in 1898 as a result of work started 25 years before. This weapon was used to murder millions of civilians, including Jews, in the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1945.

The effects of timbre on absolute pitch judgment

2020 ◽  
pp. 030573561989343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaonuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Test Study ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Very High

This article reports the high prevalence of Absolute Pitch (AP) among students at Shanghai Conservatory of Music and explores the effects of timbre on AP judgment through a large-scale direct-test study. This study used two types of timbres (piano timbre and string timbre) to explore the correlation between the different types of timbre and note-naming accuracy. The participants included 71 undergraduate students majoring in piano and string at Shanghai Conservatory of Music, who had begun musical training at an age ⩽ 9 and focused on Western tonal music. The main results showed that the overall performance levels were very high and that the students scored 73% correct without semitone errors and 80% with semitone errors. All groups exhibited higher performance in judging pitches in piano timbre than string timbre. In addition, after listening to piano timbre, the accuracy in judging pitches in string timbre was significantly increased, and after listening to string timbre, the accuracy in judging pitches in piano timbre decreased but not significantly.

scholarly journals A Computational Model of Tonal Tension Profile of Chord Progressions in the Tonal Interval Space

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
María Navarro-Cáceres ◽  
Marcelo Caetano ◽  
Gilberto Bernardes ◽  
Mercedes Sánchez-Barba ◽  
Javier Merchán Sánchez-Jara
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Voice Leading ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Harmonic Motion ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Interval Space ◽  
Over Time

In tonal music, musical tension is strongly associated with musical expression, particularly with expectations and emotions. Most listeners are able to perceive musical tension subjectively, yet musical tension is difficult to be measured objectively, as it is connected with musical parameters such as rhythm, dynamics, melody, harmony, and timbre. Musical tension specifically associated with melodic and harmonic motion is called tonal tension. In this article, we are interested in perceived changes of tonal tension over time for chord progressions, dubbed tonal tension profiles. We propose an objective measure capable of capturing tension profile according to different tonal music parameters, namely, tonal distance, dissonance, voice leading, and hierarchical tension. We performed two experiments to validate the proposed model of tonal tension profile and compared against Lerdahl’s model and MorpheuS across 12 chord progressions. Our results show that the considered four tonal parameters contribute differently to the perception of tonal tension. In our model, their relative importance adopts the following weights, summing to unity: dissonance (0.402), hierarchical tension (0.246), tonal distance (0.202), and voice leading (0.193). The assumption that listeners perceive global changes in tonal tension as prototypical profiles is strongly suggested in our results, which outperform the state-of-the-art models.

Historical Persian Recipes for Paper Dyes

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandana Barkeshli
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Historical References

AbstractDuring the Taimurid (1370–1507 A.D.) and Safawid 1501–1736 A.D.) to Qajar periods (1785–1925 A.D.), Iranian masters introduced a number of paper dyes in order to prepare a suitable support for their calligraphies and paintings. This paper will discuss the different types of dyes and application techniques as described in Persian historical sources. Eighteen manuscripts from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century were selected and studied in detail; recipes were translated and categorized according to colour, materials and techniques in order to be able to draw comparisons. Studying these historical references not only adds a new dimension to the identification of materials used in manuscripts and miniature paintings of the period under study, but also can help to preserve the colours by providing a better understanding of their composition, manufacture and use.

From Blackface to ‘Genuine Negroes’: Nineteenth-Century Minstrelsy and the Icon of the ‘Negro’

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Minstrel Shows ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

In 1855, the first ‘coloured’ minstrel troupe, the Mocking Bird Minstrels, appeared on a Philadelphia stage. While this company did not stay together long, it heralded a change in the ‘face’ of minstrelsy in the United States. Many other black minstrel troupes would quickly follow, drawing attention away from the white minstrels who had until then dominated the scene. However, the white minstrel show had already iconized a particular representation of the ‘Negro’, which ultimately paved the way for black anti-minstrel attitudes at the end of the nineteenth century. The minstrel show existed in two guises: the white-in-blackface, and the black-in-blackface. The form and content of the minstrel shows changed over time, as well as audience perception of the two different types of performance. The black minstrel show has come to be regarded as a ‘reclaiming’ of slave dance and performance. It differs from white minstrelsy in that it gave theatrical form to ‘signifyin” on white minstrelsy in the manner in which slaves practised ‘signifyin” on whites in real life.

scholarly journals L’uso della toponomastica come indicatore di insediamenti e strutture fortificate: il caso toscano

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camillo Berti ◽  
Massimiliano Grava
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Scientific Contribution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Diachronic Analysis

The use of toponymy as an indicator of settlements and fortified structures: the Tuscan caseThe purpose of this contribution is to analyze the spatial distribution of the place names referred to the Tuscan territory, to fortified structures and settlements, through the study of the place names recorded geodatabase RE.TO.RE. (Regional Toponymic Repertory) created by the Tuscany Region with the scientific contribution of the Universities of Pisa, Florence and Siena. The Tuscan toponyms has been the object of both a synchronic study within each of the cartographic sources that make up the geographical database, and a diachronic analysis between the temporal thresholds in which the archive is articulated. The database, extrapolated from cartographic supports, in fact covers a time span between the first decades of the nineteenth century (nineteenth century land registries) and the most recent information series produced in the regional context (Carta Tecnica Regionale). In the contribution, the place names related in various ways to different types of structures and fortified settlements, such as castle, fort, tower, fortress, has been analyzed both in relation to the distribution and spatial aspects, and in reference to their evolutionary dynamics (persistence, disappearance, transformation), with the aim of identifying possible relationships between the territory and the distribution in time and space of the different types of fortifications. From a methodological point of view, the study has been carried out, in addition to the traditional tools of the topomastic survey, especially taking advantage of the potential of spatial analysis functions typical of geographical information systems.

scholarly journals Parsimonious Voice Leading and theStimmführungsmodelle

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Jeßulat
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Voice Leading

This article confronts the dialectic between parsimonious voice leading, as represented by neo-Riemannian theory, and the diatonicStimmführungsmodelle, or the traditional formulas and methods of thorough-bass pedagogy as they were preserved in the nineteenth century. The historical contexts are represented by Carl Friedrich Weitzmann’s essay on the augmented triad (1853) and Simon Sechter’sGeneralbass-Schule(1835). The possibility of setting the diatonic and chromatic models into productive analytic practice is explored, even as it is acknowledged that they are grounded in different principles. Steven Rings’s “syntactical interaction” and Richard Cohn’s “double syntax” are invoked. A Brahms song and a Schubert symphony serve as extended analytical examples.

Numerical and Experimental Studies of Liquid Crystalline Flow Induced by Annihilation of Paired Defects

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kuroiwa ◽  
Tomohiro Tsuji ◽  
Shigeomi Chono
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Harmonic Functions ◽  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Orientation Distribution ◽  
Annihilation Process ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spherical Harmonic Functions

Numerical and experimental studies of liquid crystalline flow induced by the annihilation of paired defects have been achieved by using the Doi theory coupled with the Marrucci-Greco potential. The molecular orientation distribution function is approximated by a series of spherical harmonic functions, to reduce the computational task. It is empirically known that the defects with different types of molecular orientation configuration attract each other, and finally annihilate. During this annihilation process, the liquid crystalline flow will be induced through the rotation of the molecular orientation direction. It is found from the numerical results that vortex-like liquid crystalline flow is induced around the defects come closer. The numerical predictions are induced liquid crystalline flow is confirmed by the experiment.

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