Introduction

Vitruvian Man ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
John Oksanish

The introduction gives the reader some sense of De architectura’s complex reception as literature and establishes the scope of the work to follow. Recent interest in technical literature has rightly stressed the need to embrace the entirety of technical works, not just “more literary” portions, such as prefaces. At the same time, the paratextual portions of works, including but not limited to their prefaces, are privileged places of transaction between author and reader. That technical authors are sometimes thought to have only dabbled in literature, moreover, means that paratextual elements—albeit not lacking scholarly attention altogether—have not been fully integrated into wider conversations about (Latin) literature. This book, as the introduction emphasizes, aims to do just that. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamism of Vitruvius’s didactic expert-persona and his characterization of De architectura as a munus.

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5287
Author(s):  
Hiwa Mahmoudi ◽  
Michael Hofbauer ◽  
Bernhard Goll ◽  
Horst Zimmermann

Being ready-to-detect over a certain portion of time makes the time-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) an attractive candidate for low-noise photon-counting applications. A careful SPAD noise and performance characterization, however, is critical to avoid time-consuming experimental optimization and redesign iterations for such applications. Here, we present an extensive empirical study of the breakdown voltage, as well as the dark-count and afterpulsing noise mechanisms for a fully integrated time-gated SPAD detector in 0.35-μm CMOS based on experimental data acquired in a dark condition. An “effective” SPAD breakdown voltage is introduced to enable efficient characterization and modeling of the dark-count and afterpulsing probabilities with respect to the excess bias voltage and the gating duration time. The presented breakdown and noise models will allow for accurate modeling and optimization of SPAD-based detector designs, where the SPAD noise can impose severe trade-offs with speed and sensitivity as is shown via an example.


2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (296) ◽  
pp. 640-658
Author(s):  
Vanessa Lim

Abstract Hamlet’s ‘To be or not to be’ speech has long been the subject of intense scholarly attention. By situating the speech against the backdrop of classical and Renaissance rhetorical theory, this essay demonstrates that there is still much more to be said about it. The speech ostensibly examines a quaestio infinita or a thesis, and follows the rhetorical rule that the right way to do so is by the invocation of commonplaces. This reading of Hamlet’s speech is not only consistent with Shakespeare’s characterization of the university-educated prince, who frequently invokes commonplaces, but also has significant implications for our understanding of the play and Shakespeare’s own practice as a writer. The book that Hamlet is reading could well be his own commonplace collection, and it is perhaps in looking up his entries under the heading of ‘Death’ that Hamlet finds what he needs in order to examine his quaestio.


1997 ◽  
Vol 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ansari

ABSTRACTIt is possible to monitor the initiation and progress of various mechanical or environmentally induced perturbations in concrete elements by way of fully integrated optical fiber sensors. Geometric adaptability and ease by which optical fibers can be embedded within concrete elements has led to the development of a number of innovative applications for concrete elements. This article is intended for a brief introduction into the theories, principles, and applications of fiber optic sensors as they pertain to applications in concrete.. However, due to the fact that the transduction mechanism in optical fibers is invariant of the materials employed, the principles introduced here also correspond to other structural materials. The only application related differences among various materials pertain to sensitivity and choice of optical fiber sensor types.


2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (10) ◽  
pp. 1339-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Doms ◽  
Jörg Müller

A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) vapor-jet pump for vacuum generation in miniaturized analytical systems, e.g., micro-mass-spectrometers (Wapelhorst, E., Hauschild, J., and Mueller, J., 2005, “A Fully Integrated Micro Mass Spectrometer,” in Fifth Workshop on Harsh-Environment Mass Spectrometry;Hauschild, J., Wapelhorst, E., and Mueller, J., 2005, “A Fully Integrated Plasma Electron Source for Micro Mass Spectrometers,” in Ninth International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (μTAS), pp. 476–478), is presented. A high velocity nitrogen or water vapor jet is used for vacuum generation. Starting from atmospheric pressure, a high throughput of more than 23ml∕min and an ultimate pressure of 495mbars were obtained with this new type of micropump. An approach for the full integration of all components of the pump is presented and validated by experimental results. The pump is fabricated from silicon and glass substrates using standard MEMS fabrication techniques including deep reactive ion etching, trichlorosilane molecular vapor deposition, and metal-assisted chemical etching for porous silicon fabrication. Micromachined pressure sensors based on the Pirani principle have been developed and integrated into the pump for monitoring.


2013 ◽  
Vol 288 (20) ◽  
pp. 13988-13999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyang Chen ◽  
Kevin Jon Williams

Endocytosis via rafts has attracted considerable recent interest, but the molecular mediators remain incompletely characterized. Here, we focused on the syndecan-1 heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a highly conserved, multifunctional receptor that we previously showed to undergo raft-dependent endocytosis upon clustering. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of three to five consecutive cytoplasmic residues at a time revealed that a conserved juxtamembrane motif, MKKK, was the only region required for efficient endocytosis after clustering. Endocytosis of clustered syndecan-1 occurs in two phases, each requiring a kinase and a corresponding cytoskeletal partner. In the initial phase, ligands trigger rapid MKKK-dependent activation of ERK and the localization of syndecan-1 into rafts. Activation of ERK drives the dissociation of syndecan-1 from α-tubulin, a molecule that may act as an anchor for syndecan-1 at the plasma membrane in the basal state. In the second phase, Src family kinases phosphorylate tyrosyl residues within the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of syndecan-1, a process that also requires MKKK. Tyrosine phosphorylation of syndecan-1 triggers the robust recruitment of cortactin, which we found to be an essential mediator of efficient actin-dependent endocytosis. These findings represent the first detailed characterization of the molecular events that drive endocytosis of a raft-dependent receptor and identify a novel endocytic motif, MKKK. Moreover, the results provide new tools to study syndecan function and regulation during uptake of its biologically and medically important ligands, such as HIV-1, atherogenic postprandial remnant lipoproteins, and molecules implicated in Alzheimer disease.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 7833
Author(s):  
Tiago Drummond Lopes ◽  
Adroaldo Raizer ◽  
Wilson Valente Júnior

Induction motors play a key role in the industrial sector. Thus, the correct diagnosis and classification of faults on these machines are important, even in the initial stages of evolution. Such analysis allows for increased productivity, avoids unexpected process interruptions, and prevents damage to machines. Usually, fault diagnosis is carried out by analyzing the characteristic effects caused by the faults. Thus, it is necessary to know and understand the behavior during the operation of the faulty machine. In general, monitoring these characteristics is complex, as it is necessary to acquire signals from the same motor with and without failures for comparison purposes. Whether in an industrial environment or in laboratories, the experimental characterization of failures can become unfeasible for several reasons. Thus, computer simulation of faulty motors digital twins can be an important alternative for failure analysis, especially in large motors. From this perspective, this paper presents and discusses several limitations found in the technical literature that can be minimized with the implementation of digital twins. In addition, a 3D finite element model of an induction motor with broken rotor bars is demonstrated, and motor current signature analysis is used to verify the fault effects. Results are analyzed in the time and frequency domain. Additionally, an artificial neural network of the multilayer perceptron type is used to classify the failure of broken bars in the 3D model rotor.


Author(s):  
Kirsten Day

In the first of two chapters that treat promises of an imperial golden age in Aeneid Book 6 in relation to American expansionism as portrayed in the Western film genre, Kirsten Day compares the production contexts of Vergil’s epic, during the “golden age of Latin literature” in the wake of epochal civil wars, to the Westerns produced after World War II during the “golden age” of Hollywood. So too the dramatic settings of the Aeneid, after the Trojan War, and of Westerns, after the American Civil War, enshrine these trailblazing pioneers in the pantheon of founding heroes whose struggles (re)built the nation of the narrative’s audience. Through a wide-ranging survey of many of the genre’s most famous films, such as Red River and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Day examines several key themes, including nation-building as divinely driven labor; the laconic characterization of the Western male hero and his troubling resemblance to the villain; and the sacrificial role assigned to female characters. Day concludes that these ancient and modern texts also share an undercurrent of anxiety about the moral ambiguities of these projects, which belies their superficial optimism.


1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Webber

Biotechnology is an evolving policy issue involving a wide variety of federal and state policymakers. While most public and scholarly attention has been focused at the national level, a good deal of state policymaking activity regarding biotechnology has already taken place. The biotechnology issue is not a single, well-defined policy issue but rather a cluster of related issues and concerns. This analysis identifies eight facets of the biotechnology policy issue that have surfaced during congressional debate, committee hearings, and public discussions. This eight-fold characterization of biotechnology development is used to describe recent congressional and state legislative activity affecting biotechnology. Both the complexity and multifaceted nature of the biotechnology issue, and the manner with which it has been dealt by federal and state policymakers, have contributed to the dynamic nature of federalism surrounding this issue.


2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Vardy ◽  
Maarten Vanneste ◽  
Timothy J. Henstock ◽  
Michael A. Clare ◽  
Carl Fredrik Forsberg ◽  
...  

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