Macroweather predictions and climate projections
“Does the Flapping of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set off a Tornado in Texas?” This was the provocative title of an address given by Edward Lorenz, the origin for the (nearly) household expression “butterfly effect.” It was December 1972 and it had been nearly ten years since he had discovered it,1 yet its significance was only then being recognized. Lorenz explained: “In more technical language, is the behavior of the atmosphere unstable to small perturbations?” His answer: “Although we cannot claim to have proven that the atmosphere is unstable, the evidence that it is so is overwhelming.” Imagine two planets identical in every way except that on one there is a butterfly that flaps its wings. The butterfly effect means that their future evolutions are “sensitively dependent” on the initial conditions, so that a mere flap of a wing could perturb the atmosphere sufficiently so that, eventually, the weather patterns on the two planets would evolve quite differently. On the planet with the Brazilian butterfly, the number of tornadoes would likely be the same. But on a given day, one might occur in Texas rather than Oklahoma. This sensitive dependence on small perturbations thus limits our ability to predict the weather. For Earth, Lorenz estimated this predictability limit to be about two weeks. From Chapters 4 and 5 and the discussion that follows, we now understand it as the slightly shorter weather– macroweather transition scale. In Chapter 1, we learned that the ratio of the nonlinear to linear terms in the (deterministic) equations governing the atmosphere is typically about a thousand billion. The nonlinear terms are the mathematical expressions of physical mechanisms that can blow up microscopic perturbations into large effects. Therefore, we expect instability. Chapter 4, we examined instability from the point of view of the higher level statistical laws— the fact that, at weather scales, the fluctuation exponents H for all atmospheric fields are positive (in space, up to the size of the planet; in time, up to the weather– macroweather transition scale at five to ten days).