Gender Identity Among U.S. Adults

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-216
Author(s):  
K. Jill Kiecolt ◽  
Michael Hughes ◽  
Hans Momplaisir
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Identity Importance ◽  
Using Data

This chapter investigates how gender identity as a social identity fits into people’s lives and how social factors influence it, by drawing on identity theory and social identity theory. Empirical research on this question is surprisingly limited, despite widespread interest in gender identity in the social sciences and humanities. Using data from the 2014 Identity Module in the U.S. General Social Survey, we examine four dimensions of gender identity: importance, salience, pride, and verification. All four dimensions feature prominently in men’s and women’s lives. Gender identity is stronger for parents than for non-parents. In contrast, marriage/cohabitation and employment status are mostly unrelated to gender identity. Gender identity tends to be stronger among women, racial/ethnic minorities, and the less educated. We conclude that gender identity is an omnipresent reality in most people’s lives and that it contributes to maintaining gender as a set of categories that organize social relations.

scholarly journals Transformasi Pengucapan Syukur: Identitas dan Relasi Sosial Era Pandemi Covid-19 di Tomohon

Tumou Tou ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Wolter Weol ◽  
Nency Aprilia Heydemans ◽  
Fienny Maria Langi
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Depth Interviews

This paper describes the transformation of gratitude: identity and social relations during the Covid-19 pandemic era in Tomohon. The expression of gratitude to God Almighty (Opo Empung Wailan Wangko) was inherited from the ancestors of the Tou (people) of Minahasa for the yields obtained in the form of offerings. This one gratitude is done every one person in social relations and cultural integration. This article aims to analyze the transformation of gratitude carried out in Tomohon during the Covid-19 Pandemic era. This study reveals the social identity theory from the sociological paradigm by Steph Lawler (2014) which functions as a relationship between relatives as individuals, which in this study is called family, basudara. The article data uses field research with the method of observation and in-depth interviews. The results of the research are expected to help the government and society in preventing Covid-19 so as to minimize consumptive lifestyles and maintain distance. There are three values ​​that are useful for building life, namely the value of brotherhood, mutual cooperation (mapalus) and spirituality.

Prostitution: a new dynamic of discrimination

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raheel Yasin ◽  
Sarah I. Obsequio Namoco
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transgender Discrimination ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose There is scarcity in the literature, both empirically and theoretically, regarding the relationship between transgender discrimination and prostitution. This study aims to offer a new framework for conceptualizing workplace discrimination and prostitution by examining the mediating role of poverty in the relationship between discrimination and prostitution. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual framework of this study is based on the social identity theory and the theory of prostitution. Findings Transgender is a neglected group in society, and more often, they are the ones who are unable to find jobs and when employed, find it challenging to sustain their employment because of their gender identity. This leads them to be discriminated at their workplaces. Subsequently, they are forced to leave their workplace and settle to work as prostitutes for their economic survival. Research limitations/implications Further research should empirically test the design model. Practical implications Managers play an essential role in eliminating discrimination in the organization. Managers need to take measures in crafting gender-free and anti-discrimination policies. They take steps to design recruitment policies in which there is no need to disclose applicant identity. Social implications Discrimination, on the basis of gender identity, promotes a culture of hate, intolerance and economic inequality in society. Prostitution has devastating effects on society. Originality/value In the field of organizational behavior, discrimination as a factor of prostitution was not explored. This study provides a significant contribution to the transgender and discrimination literature along with the prostitution theory and the social identity theory by proposing a model that highlights discrimination as one of the factors that compel the transgender community to be involved in prostitution.

The female political leader

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Ponton
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Emergent Phenomenon ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
Local Contexts

This work examines the linguistic construction of gender identity in the discourse of Margaret Thatcher. Identity is defined in the terms of Bucholtz and Hall (2005) as an ‘emergent’ phenomenon, depending on local contexts of interaction. In analysing the contributions by media figures to processes of identity construction recourse is made to the theories of Turner and Oakes (e.g. 1989) in the field of social identity theory. Interviewers’ questions are examined for what they reveal about identity presuppositions. Mrs Thatcher at times plays along with these presuppositions, ignores them, or objects to them. Her answers tell us something about the identity she wishes to construct. The work focuses on Thatcher’s first major political breakthrough; her conquest of the Conservative leadership in 1975. The toolkit for examining identity in discourse proposed by Bucholtz and Hall (2005) is adopted, and Corpus Linguistics and the Appraisal Framework of Martin and White (2005) are used in support of the selected tools.

Football Players’ Popularity on Twitter Explained: Performance on the Pitch or Performance on Twitter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Vergeer ◽  
Leon Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Twitter Account ◽  
Using Data

This study tested football players’ performance on the pitch against their performance on Twitter as explanations for Twitter popularity. Guided by network theory, social-identity theory, and basking in reflective glory and using data of all players of all teams in the Dutch premier league (“Eredivisie”), the multilevel models show that players with a Twitter account were more popular when they scored more goals, were non-Dutch, were on loan at another club, and were networkers actively following others on Twitter. The findings also show that context matters. Players under contract with a successful club receive an automatic bonus: Irrespective of their performance on the pitch or on Twitter, they automatically acquire more followers on Twitter. Players in general do not need to put a lot of effort into communicating on Twitter because sending tweets is unrelated to having more followers. Advertisers’ best options to reach larger and homogeneous audiences through football players are to choose attackers, scoring players, those out on loan, and foreign players, as well as players from successful teams in general. The study also identified which player characteristics do not add to a larger audience reach, such as tweeting behavior and experience on Twitter.

scholarly journals The Gender of Precarious Employment in Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Cranford ◽  
Leah F. Vosko ◽  
Nancy Zukewich
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Wage Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
Using Data

Summary This article examines the relationship between gender, forms of employment and dimensions of precarious employment in Canada, using data from the Labour Force Survey and the General Social Survey. Full-time permanent wage work decreased for both women and men between 1989 and 2001, but women remain more likely to be employed in part-time and temporary wage work as compared to men. Layering forms of wage work with indicators of regulatory protection, control and income results in a continuum with full-time permanent employees as the least precarious followed by full-time temporary, part-time permanent and then part-time temporary employees as the most precarious. The continuum is gendered through both inequalities between full-time permanent women and men and convergence in precariousness among part-time and temporary women and men. These findings reflect a feminization of employment norms characterized by both continuity and change in the social relations of gender.

Can modern racism theory or social identity theory account for opposition to reparations for historical harms?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian C. Banfield ◽  
Craig W. Blatz ◽  
Katherine B. Starzyk ◽  
Michael A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Modern Racism

Comparative Context and Relevant Group Membership: Attitudes on Gender Inequality within the Context of Contrasting Leaders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayoub Bouguettaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Context Effect ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Relevant Group ◽  
Leader Perceptions ◽  
Main Effects

In this paper, the interaction between relevant group membership (i.e. gender) and context on leader perceptions was analysed within the paradigm of social identity theory. It was hypothesised that sharing group membership with a leader would result in to more positive ratings of a leader, while context would change how leaders were viewed depending on how much they embodied group values in relation to other leaders. The issue of contention to be contrasted between leaders was gender inequality. This context effect pattern was predicted to be different for males than females; males were believed to rate a leader more positively when the leader expressed a contextually more dismissive view, while females were predicted to rate a leader better when the leader expressed a contextually more proactive view. The hypotheses about the main effects of gender and context were supported; however, the results for the interaction were mixed in support. Gender and context did significantly interact, but it was not always in the directions predicted. Further research into this interaction is needed.

scholarly journals Attitudinal Change, Cohort Replacement, and the Liberalization of Attitudes about Same-sex Relationships, 1973–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142199485
Author(s):  
Ashley Wendell Kranjac ◽  
Robert L. Wagmiller
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Individual Change ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Lesbian And Gay Rights ◽  
Using Data

Americans’ attitudes toward same-sex relationships have liberalized considerably over the last 40 years. We examine how the demographic processes generating social change in attitudes toward same-sex relationships changed over time. Using data from the 1973 to 2018 General Social Survey and decomposition techniques, we estimate the relative contributions of intracohort change and cohort replacement to overall social change for three different periods. We examine (1) the period prior to the rapid increase in attitude liberalization toward same-sex marriage rights (1973–1991), (2) the period of contentious debate about same-sex marriage and lesbian and gay rights (1991–2002), and (3) the period of legislative and judicial liberalization at the state and federal levels (2002–2018). We find that both intracohort and intercohort change played positive and significant roles in the liberalization of attitudes toward same-sex relationships in the postlegalization period, but that individual change was more important than population turnover over this period.

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