scholarly journals The Gender of Precarious Employment in Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Cranford ◽  
Leah F. Vosko ◽  
Nancy Zukewich
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Wage Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
Using Data

Summary This article examines the relationship between gender, forms of employment and dimensions of precarious employment in Canada, using data from the Labour Force Survey and the General Social Survey. Full-time permanent wage work decreased for both women and men between 1989 and 2001, but women remain more likely to be employed in part-time and temporary wage work as compared to men. Layering forms of wage work with indicators of regulatory protection, control and income results in a continuum with full-time permanent employees as the least precarious followed by full-time temporary, part-time permanent and then part-time temporary employees as the most precarious. The continuum is gendered through both inequalities between full-time permanent women and men and convergence in precariousness among part-time and temporary women and men. These findings reflect a feminization of employment norms characterized by both continuity and change in the social relations of gender.

The Politics of Part-Time Work: Gender, Employment Status, and Preferences for Redistribution

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
David S. Pedulla ◽  
Michael J. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Preferences For Redistribution ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

Abstract The social and economic forces that shape attitudes toward the welfare state are of central concern to social scientists. Scholarship in this area has paid limited attention to how working part-time, the employment status of nearly 20% of the U.S. workforce, affects redistribution preferences. In this article, we theoretically develop and empirically test an argument about the ways that part-time work, and its relationship to gender, shape redistribution preferences. We articulate two gender-differentiated pathways—one material and one about threats to social status—through which part-time work and gender may jointly shape individuals’ preferences for redistribution. We test our argument using cross-sectional and panel data from the General Social Survey in the United States. We find that the positive relationship between part-time employment, compared to full-time employment, and redistribution preferences is stronger for men than for women. Indeed, we do not detect a relationship between part-time work and redistribution preferences among women. Our results provide support for a gendered relationship between part-time employment and redistribution preferences and demonstrate that both material and status-based mechanisms shape this association.

scholarly journals The Spillover Effects of Spousal Chronic Diseases on Married Couples’ Labour Supply: Evidence from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen ◽  
Zheng ◽  
Tan
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Level

The objective of this study is to examine the spillover effects of chronic diseases experienced by spouses on their wives or husbands’ labour supply. Using data from 2010 and 2012 of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study employed a difference-in-difference (DD) strategy to investigate the average treatment effect of affected adults on their spouses’ working hours. The results show that, after their spouses were diagnosed with chronic diseases, the average weekly working hours of wives and husbands would be significantly reduced by 3.7–4.2 h and 3.8–4.4 h, respectively. Specially, the average weekly hours of full-time work would be reduced by 2.1–3.3 h for wives and 3.6–3.8 h for husbands. The effect was stronger for those married couples with lower socioeconomic status (SES), such as low-level education, family asset, non-labour income, while the effect was insignificant for high-level SES households. Therefore, as a result of the adverse spillover effects on household labour supply, chronic diseases could cause a greater loss of labour force productivity. Additionally, households in low levels of SES may suffer more losses from reduced labour supply when spousal chronic diseases take place.

Jobs, leisure and traditional pursuits: activities of native males in the Northwest Territories

Polar Record ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (155) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack C. Stabler
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Native People ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Using Data

abstractActivity patterns of native people in the Northwest Territories include a complex mixture of employment in the modern economy, full-time or part-time engagement in traditional pursuits, and leisure. This study identifies characteristics of participants in each activity which assist in interpreting the allocation of time among employment in the modern economy, the pursuit of traditional activities, and leisure. Three hypotheses—traditionalist, modernist and culturalist — were identified from current literature and tested statistically, using data collected in interviews held with 11,164 NWT residents in 1984. The hypotheses were: (1) engagement in the traditional sector is preferred to holding a job in the modem economy; thus, wage employment primarily facilitates pursuit of traditional activities; (2) engagement in the modern economy is preferred; those unable to work in it turn to traditional activities, which are easier to enter; (3) the traditional sector is an arena in which a cultural heritage can be maintained, a preferred sustenance obtained, or where one can demonstrate his prowess apart from any material gain that might be realized. The data do not unequivocally support any of the hypotheses, but this study suggests an alternative approach to the interpretation of activity patterns, based upon an analysis of individual preference functions.

scholarly journals Labour Markets and Wages in Australia in 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Jefferson ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Market Activity ◽  
Full Time Employment

The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 made it clear that traditional indicators of labour market activity such as headline unemployment, labour force participation and earnings in full-time employment can only partially explain the health of the labour market. In this article we argue the need for a nuanced approach that takes into fuller consideration issues related to hours of work and part-time earnings. Selected industry sectors show stark differences in labour market outcomes when these issues are examined.

scholarly journals Indicators of Nursing Personnel Supply in Outpatient Medical Care in the Russian Federation during 2010–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
V. A. Evdakov ◽  
Yu. Yu. Melnikov ◽  
A. V. Smyshlyaev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Nursing Personnel ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Medical Organization ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Using Data

Aim. Analysis of the basic indicators of nursing personnel supply of the population and medical organisations providing outpatient care in the public health sector in the Russian Federation over the course of 2010–2018.Materials and methods. The study was conducted using data from the Federal Statistical Observation Form No. 30 “Medical Organization Information” for 2010–2018. Descriptive statistics and comparative analysis were used to assess the country-wide 2010–2018 dynamics of the indicators of nursing personnel supply of the population and medical centres providing outpatient care, including supply with full-time and employed positions, full-time staffing, the ratio of part-time employment, the number and shortage of healthcare workers.Results. For the period 2010–2018, the number of nursing personnel in medical units providing outpatient care increased by 2726 people (an increase of 0.5%), from 542,998 to 545,724. At the same time, the population supply with nursing personnel in outpatient medical units decreased from 38.0 to 37.2 per 10,000 population (a decrease by 2.1%), and staffing of full-time healthcare workers in this category decreased by 6.5%, from 94.2 to 87.7%.Conclusions. The study demonstrates a remarkable shortage of paramedics in outpatient health care (exceeding 200,000 people per annum) over the entire observation period of 2010–2018.

scholarly journals Great Minds Think Alike, Fools Seldom Differ: An Empirical Analysis of Opportunity Assessment in Technology Entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Patrick Barry ◽  
Kathryn Cormican ◽  
Sean Browne
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurs ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Using Data

This study extends the literature on self-employment and entrepreneurship by offering empirical insights into the factors that influence technology entrepreneurs at the early stages of the new venture creation process. Specifically, this research focuses on how technology entrepreneurs assess opportunities at the start of the process. Using data from technology entrepreneurs in Ireland, we analyze differences between part-time entrepreneurs and full-time entrepreneurs and discover that not all entrepreneurs attach importance to activities that were previously considered fundamental. While we confirm that opportunity cost, market assessment, and financial analysis are critical and ever-present, we argue that aspiring technology entrepreneurs must be cognizant that when employment-related costs are included as a dimension of opportunity costs, the level and importance of opportunity costs rise for both part-time and full-time entrepreneurs. We also find that whether nascent entrepreneurs work full-time or part-time on the new venture has an impact on which activities are completed and at what point of the process they are completed. For example, we show that part-time entrepreneurs identify markets earlier than full-time entrepreneurs whereas the opposite is true when it comes to financial data preparation. We argue that a greater understanding of these issues will help technology entrepreneurs to make informed decisions. As a result, our findings may influence an aspiring entrepreneur’s decision to start a new venture. They also have ramifications for investors and support services. Consequently, we discuss theoretical contributions, practical ramifications, and future research possibilities.

scholarly journals 562The “quiet revolution” and mental health? Associations between household-employment configurations and mental-health across 17 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania King ◽  
Yamna Taouk ◽  
Tony LaMontagne ◽  
Doctor Humaira Maheen ◽  
Anne Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Abstract Background Despite evidence that employed women report more time pressure and work-life penalties than employed men and other women, scant attention has been paid to the possible health effects of female labour-force participation. Methods This analysis examined associations between household labour-force arrangements and the mental health of men and women using 17 waves of data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics Survey. Mental health was measured using the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5). A five-category measure of household employment configuration was derived: dual full-time employed, male-breadwinner, female-breadwinner, shared part-time employment (both part-time) and male full-time/female part-time (1.5-earner). Using fixed effects regression methods, we examined the within-person effects of household employment configuration on mental health, controlling for time-varying confounders. Results For men, being in the female-breadwinner configuration was associated with poorer mental health compared to being in the 1.5-earner configuration (b-1.98, 95%CI -3.36, -0.61). The mental health of women was poorer when in the male-breadwinner configuration, compared to when in the 1.5-earner arrangement (b-0.89, 95%CI -1.56, -0.22). Conclusions The mental health of both men and women is poorer when not in the labour-force, either as a man in the female-breadwinner arrangement, or as a woman in the male-breadwinner arrangement. Key messages These results suggest that the mental health of women and men benefits from labour-force participation. The results are noteworthy for women, because they pertain to a sizeable proportion of the population who are not in paid employment, and highlight the need for policy reform to support women’s labour-force participation.

Gender Identity Among U.S. Adults

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-216
Author(s):  
K. Jill Kiecolt ◽  
Michael Hughes ◽  
Hans Momplaisir
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Identity Importance ◽  
Using Data

This chapter investigates how gender identity as a social identity fits into people’s lives and how social factors influence it, by drawing on identity theory and social identity theory. Empirical research on this question is surprisingly limited, despite widespread interest in gender identity in the social sciences and humanities. Using data from the 2014 Identity Module in the U.S. General Social Survey, we examine four dimensions of gender identity: importance, salience, pride, and verification. All four dimensions feature prominently in men’s and women’s lives. Gender identity is stronger for parents than for non-parents. In contrast, marriage/cohabitation and employment status are mostly unrelated to gender identity. Gender identity tends to be stronger among women, racial/ethnic minorities, and the less educated. We conclude that gender identity is an omnipresent reality in most people’s lives and that it contributes to maintaining gender as a set of categories that organize social relations.

scholarly journals Labour Markets and Wages in Australia: 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Jefferson ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Labour Market Activity ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Part Time Work

In this article we present data on earnings and hours in 2010 and, using data over a longer time frame, show how the character of the Australian labour market has significantly changed in recent decades. Among other things, we demonstrate a continued shift towards part-time work and, across full-time and part-time labour markets, a change in the distribution of jobs towards more highly skilled occupations. We continue to argue that traditional indicators of labour-market activity, such as headline unemployment and earnings in full-time employment, are only able to partially explain the health of the labour market. There is an urgent need to better understand other dimensions such as underemployment, part-time employment and part-time earnings.

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